X-ray microscopy research is reviewed, and the importance of flash exposure for observing detailed structures of living cells is stressed. The comparison of brilliance of various x-ray sources reveals that a laser-produced plasma is presently the best x-ray source for flash x-ray microscopy. The experiment of characterizing a laser-plasma x-ray source is described and the optimum laser irradiation conditions are discussed. A contact flash x-ray image of living sperm of a sea urchin is shown to demonstrate the usefulness of x-ray microscopy.