2020 Volume 7 Issue 5 Pages 20-00071
Functionally graded (FG) rods with three layers in the radial direction were fabricated by a spark plasma extrusion (SPE) process. The FG rods consisted of a pure Ti compact in the center, a 15TiB/Ti composite layer in the middle, and a 25TiC/Ti composite layer on the outside. Extrusion was carried out at a temperature of 1000 °C, at a pressure of 50 MPa with extrusion ratios (cross-sectional area before extrusion/cross-sectional area after extrusion) of 2.3 (from di = 15 mm to do = 10 mm) and 3.5 (from di = 15 mm to do = 8 mm). An FG rod with a length of over 40 mm and a high relative density could be obtained by the SPE process. The cross-sectional area ratio of the pure Ti layer after extrusion significantly decreased compared to the 15TiB/Ti and 25TiC/Ti composite layers due to the higher ductility of the pure Ti. On the contrary, the cross-sectional area ratio of the 25TiC/Ti composite layer increased after the extrusion, because the 25TiC/Ti composite layer had quite low ductility. Due to the sufficient material flow during the extrusion, the TiC particles in the 25TiC/Ti composite layer of the FG rod were uniformly distributed along the extrusion direction. Furthermore, during the SPE process, the TiB clusters in the TiB/Ti composite layer were transformed into TiB whiskers, and the TiB whiskers were mainly oriented parallel to the extrusion direction. The tensile strength of the TiB/Ti composite layer fabricated by the SPE process improved due to the transformation of the TiB whiskers and their orientation along the extrusion direction.