Abstract
This paper reviews the material models of cyclic plasticity in which memory surfaces are used to extend isotropic hardening. Focus is given to strain-range-dependent cyclic hardening and workhardening stagnation; the former is noticeable even at small strains, while the latter is evident at large strains and is thus considered one of the factors of accurate springback analysis. Because strain-range-dependent cyclic hardening and workhardening stagnation cannot be properly simulated by taking accumulated plastic strain as a measure of isotropic hardening, material models of cyclic plasticity have been proposed using memory surfaces to extend isotropic hardening. Material models developed in this way are reviewed, along with experimental observations.
