チベット仏教における師事作法と病

抄録

This paper examines devotion to the guru and its connection to illness in Tibetan Buddhism. The Buddha is often depicted in early Buddhist scriptures as the foremost being or physician, guiding disciples to remove their illness. In the Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra, it is taught that a disciple should follow the religious mentor (kalyāṇamitra) possessing ten distinct qualities. Moreover, in Buddhist Tantric scriptures, the idea that a disciple should recognize their master (ācārya) as a Buddha and serve him accordingly is especially prominent. In Tibetan Buddhism, devotion to the guru (bla ma) is closely associated with the practice of guruyoga. In the oral instruction Be’u bum sngon po by the bKa’ gdams pa scholar Po to ba (1031-1105), it is stated that a disciple should regard the guru as a Buddha and offer devotion to the guru in the same manner as to a Buddha. Additionally, the dGe lugs pa scholar Tsong kha pa (1357-1419) discusses how to devote to the guru in his Lam rim chen mo, where he asserts that a disciple must regard the guru as a physician and himself as a patient. Furthermore, a disciple must recognize the guru as the Buddha, offering his entire wealth and even his life while diligently practicing according to the guru’s teachings. However, if the guru issues an improper command, the disciple is entitled to raise objections and is not required to follow blindly. Tsong kha pa emphasizes the importance of a disciple’s adherence to the guru’s teachings while simultaneously maintaining a critical perspective. Nevertheless, according to Po to ba and Tsong kha pa, a disciple’s failure to correctly follow the practice of devotion to the guru may result in significant consequences, such as severe illnesses or even death.