家父長制とジェンダー平等

マイノリティ女性条項が新設された2004年DV法を手がかりに

抄録

The concept of gender took place of the patriarchy in the feminist discourses in the 1990s. But the word patriarchy was not very popular in Japan. The concept of patriarchy is still effective when we observe the power hierarchy between men and women. In Japan the idea of multiple discrimination has been and is so unpopular, that the country report to the CEDAW (Committee of Elimination of the Discrimination against Women of the United Nations) didn't refer to the minority women, who suffer from not only the sex discrimination but also the discrimination against diverse minorities, such as indigenous people (Ainu and Ryukyu), foreign people (old comers: Koreans and Taiwanises whose ancestors came to Japanese main land when their lands were Japanese colonies, and new comers: especially Asian people and the descendants of Japanese planters in Latin American countries), people who are called Burakumin, disabled people and so on.
In 2001, the first DV Act in Japan was enacted as a private members' bill owing to efforts of the women senators of the Research Committee of the Diverse Society. But it had many loopholes. In 2003, the revision of the Act started. Some survivors (of violence), volunteers supporting them, women lawyers and women scholars of legal studies presented their criticism to the project team members of the Research Committee of the Diverse Society in the senate. The cause of special consideration for the foreign and disabled survivors is included in the second DV Act in 2004. The reason of it is partly the presser from the CEDAW in July 2003, criticizing the Japanese country reports for no reference to any kind of minority women.
Some foreign women depend on their Japanese husbands to renew their visa as the spouses of Japanese people. Without any visa, not only failing the renewal of the spousal visa or other visa such as for entertainers, they were to be reported by all kind of public servants to the Bureau of Emigration and be sent back to their home land compulsory. In the process of making the second DV Act, the chief of the Bureau of Emigration issued a notice that, according to the situation, not every case of survivors without visa have to be reported. So they became able to keep living in Japan, struggling against the gender patriarchy and the state patriarchy of the Emigrant Bureau.
Many disabled married women depend on their husbands to connect themselves to the society. These survivors suffer from the difficulty in accessing information such as what is DV and supports for them. And both formal and informal shelters are of ten built with physical barriers. The introduction of the consideration clause and the prefectual basic plan helps and will help the disabled survivors to ride out the gender patriarchy and the hierarchy between ordinal and disabled people.
The modern state is not always a monolithic patriarchal entity. But it still keeps some patriarchal moment. The DV Act in 2004 is a challenge to defend the equality not only between majority men and women but between majority and minority people, destroying the multiple patriarchies.