3　人の国際移動とシティズンシップ　平和構築の観点から

抄録

A legal framework that guarantees human rights without coercion, violence and discrimination is crucial for social relations. It therefore becomes vital to work towards citizenship for individuals who are regarded as socially vulnerable: women, children, cultural minorities, immigrants, etc. This paper examines how citizenship could be uplifted from nationality in order to foster solidarity among citizens, by focusing on foreigners’prospects of citizenship. In Europe, as a result of the free movement of people, a transnational citizenship of the European Union (EU) was created. Although it continues to function on a national level, it makes possible the peaceful coexistence of nations who were historically involved in a variety of conflicts. This was further strengthened by the introduction of jus soli and dual citizenship into the national legislations of many European countries. However a significant number of non European residents within the EU remain excluded from the opportunity to acquire citizenship, especially in terms of political rights, which in turn is a major factor of instability within the European Community. With regard to Japan, despite the increase in the number of permanent residents, political citizenship continues to be closely related to nationality, and therefore, voting rights for immigrants in local elections have not yet been established. The recent political tensions in the East Asian region further complicate the situation. Countries like Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia grew as immigration countries. However, foreign workers there are treated as short-term cheap labor, which deprives of any possibility to access citizenship rights. Thus, it could be concluded that Asia lacks the European model of free movement and citizenship for immigrants, which makes it difficult to guarantee peace and human rights as the EU does.