1　紛争多発地域における草の根の平和実践と介入者の役割　東アフリカ牧畜社会を事例に

抄録

East African pastoral societies have intermittently experienced low- intensity conflicts for many years. This paper clarifies the characteristics of grassroots peacebuilding efforts by local pastoralists and analyzes the possibilities and limits of external interventions intended to transform the conflict in these societies.

First, I summarize how East African pastoral peoples have actively attempted to maintain peaceful relationships with “enemy” groups. For example, they have prevented and mitigated the escalation of violent conflicts, restored amicable relations after violent conflicts, and reduced the excessive violence associated with the introduction of automatic rifles.

Second, I discuss how recent interventions by external actors aimed at building sustainable peace have affected inter- ethnic relations. For example, both the Ethiopian and Kenyan governments as well as local non- governmental organizations (NGOs) have organized peace talks and succeeded in temporarily restoring and maintaining peace not only by respecting local customs but also by encouraging the involvement of youth and women in peacebuilding, who have traditionally been excluded from peace meetings. According to the pastoral peoples involved, they were able to use these external interventions as opportunities to restart amicable interactions that transcend ethnic boundaries.

Third, I discuss the current situation in the area, in which the Ethiopian federal government has prohibited most local NGOs from intervening in conflicts since 2009. As a result, the inter- ethnic relationships of pastoral peoples have deteriorated. During the same period, many large- scale development projects such as commercial farms have been established. Local pastoralists, who have been deprived of their land and forced to perform subsistence activities without any compensation, have been dissatisfied with the oppressive attitude of the government.

Establishment of sustainable peace requires both the substitution of authoritarian interventions as well as development policies that can meet local needs.