A study of the arousal model of interpersonal intimacy

YUICHI IIZUKA; KATSUMASA MISHIMA; TAKUSO MATSUMOTO

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.31.127

YUICHI IIZUKA, KATSUMASA MISHIMA, TAKUSO MATSUMOTO

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Keywords: arousal model, intimacy, reciprocation, compensation, immediacy

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

1989 Volume 31 Issue 3 Pages 127-136

DOI https://doi.org/10.4992/psycholres1954.31.127

[Correction] Jpn. Psychol. Res Vol.32 No.3 (1990) pp.154-154

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Published: October 25, 1989 Received: August 03, 1988 Available on J-STAGE: February 24, 2009 Accepted: March 11, 1989 Advance online publication: - Revised: -
Correction information
Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Argyle, M., & Dean, J. 1965 Eye contact, distance, and affiliation. Sociometry, 28, 289-304.
Argyle, M., & Kendon, A. 1967 The experimental analysis of social performance. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 4. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 55-98.
Bakken, D. 1978 Behavíoral adjustment in nonverbal immediacy: A methodological note. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 300-303.
Breed, G. 1972 The effect of intimacy: Reci-procity or retreat? British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 135-142.
Burgoon, J. K., & Aho, L. 1982 Three field experiments on the effects of violations of conversa-tional distance. Communication Monographs, 49, 71-88.
Byrne, D. 1961 Interpersonal attraction and at-titude similarity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 713-715.
Cappella, J. N., & Greene, J. O. 1984 The effects of distance and individual differences in arousability on nonverbal involvement: A test of discrepancy-arousal theory. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 259-286.
Coutts, L. M., & Schneider, F. W. 1976 Affiliative conflict theory: An investigation of the intimacy equilibrium and compensation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1135-1142.
Coutts, L. M., Schneider, F. W., & Montgomery, S. 1980 An investigation of the arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 545-561.
Edelmann, R. J., & Hampson, S. E. 1981 Embarrassment in dyadic interaction. Social Be-havior and Personality, 9, 171-177.
Foot, H. C., Chapman, A. J., & Smith, J. R. 1977 Friendship and social responsiveness in boys and girls. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 401-411.
Freedman, N., & Hoffman, S. P. 1967 Kinetic behavior in altered clinical states: An approach to the objective analysis of motor behavior during clinical interviews. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 24, 525-533.
Hall, E. T. 1966 The hidden dimension. New York: Doubleday.
Jourard, S. M., & Friedman, R. 1970 Experi-menter-subject “distance” and self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 278-282.
Kleck, R. 1970 Interaction distance and nonverbal agreeing responses. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 180-182.
McAndrew, F. T., Gold, J. A., Lenny, E., & Ryckman, R. M. 1984 Explorations in immediacy: The nonverbal system and its relation-ship to affective and situational factors. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 210-228.
Patterson, M. L. 1976 An arousal model of in-terpersonal intimacy. Psychological Review, 83, 235-245.
Patterson, M. L. 1978 Arousal change and cognitive labeling: Pursuing the mediators of in-timacy exchange. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 3, 17-22.
Patterson, M. L. 1983 Nonverbal behavior: A func-tional perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Storms, M. D., & Thomas, G. C. 1977 Reactions to physical closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 412-418.
Stroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. 1976 The ontogenesis of smiling and laughter: A perspective on the organization of development in infancy. Psychological Review, 83, 173-189.
Wada, M. 1988 Effects of liking, interpersonal distance, and topics on nonverbal behaviors. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 59, 45-52. (In Japanese with English abstract)
Whitcher, S. J., & Fisher, J. D. 1979 Multidi-mensional reaction to the therapeutÍc touch in a hospital setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 87-96.

Right : Argyle, M., & Dean, J. 1965 Eye contact, distance, and affiliation. Sociomehy, 28, 289-304.
Argyle, M., & Kendon, A. 1967 The experimental analysis of social performance. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol.4. New York: Academic Press. Pp.55-98.
Bakken, D. 1978 Behavioral adjustment in nonverbal immediacy: A methodological note. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 300-303.
Breed, G. 1972 The effect of intimacy: Reciprocity or retreat? British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 135-142.
Burgoon, J. K., & Aho, L. 1982 Three field experiments on the effects of violations of conversational distance. Communication Monographs, 49, 71-88.
Byrne, D. 1961 Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 713-715.
Cappella, J. N., & Greene, J. O. 1984 The effects of distance and individual differences in arousability on nonverbal involvement: A test of discrepancy-arousal theory. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 259-286.
Coutts, L. M., & Schneider, F. W. 1976 Affiliafive conflict theory: An investigation of the intimacy equilibrium and compensation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1135-1142.
Coutts, L. M., Schneider, F. W., & Montgomery, S. 1980 An investigation of the arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 545-561.
Edelmann, R. J., & Hampson, S. E. 1981 Embarrassment in dyadic interaction. Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 171-177.
Foot, H. C., Chapman, A. J., & Smith, J. R. 1977 Friendship and social responsiveness in boys and girls. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 401-411.
Freedman, N., & Hoffman, S. P. 1967 Kinetic behavior in altered clinical states: An approach to the objective analysis of motor behavior during clinical interviews. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 24, 525-533.
Hall, E. T. 1966 The hidden dimension. New York: Doubleday.
Jourard, S. M., & Friedman, R. 1970 Experimenter-subject “distance” and self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 278-282.
Kleck, R. 1970 Interaction distance and nonverbal agreeing responses. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 180-182.
McAndrew, F. T., Gold, J. A., Lenny, E., & Ryckman, R. M. 1984 Explorations in immediacy: The nonverbal system and its relationship to affective and situational factors. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 210-228.
Patterson, M. L. 1976 An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Psychological Review, 83, 235-245.
Patterson, M. L. 1978 Arousal change and cognitive labeling: Pursuing the mediators of intimacy exchange. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 3, 17-22.
Patterson, M. L. 1983 Nonverbal behavior: A functional perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Storms, M. D., & Thomas, G. C. 1977 Reactions to physical closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 412-418.
Stroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. 1976 The ontogenesis of smiling and laughter: A perspective on the organization of development in infancy. Psychological Review, 83, 173-189.
Wada, M. 1988 Effects of liking, interpersonal distance, and topics on nonverbal behaviors. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 59, 45-52.(In Japanese with English abstract)
Whitcher, S. J. & Fisher, J. D. 1979 Multidimensional reaction to the therapeutic touch in a hospital setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 87-96.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: PDF FILE Details: -

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: ABSTRACT Details: Wrong : This study was undertaken to test Patterson's arousal model of nonverbal intimacy. The model proposes that the evaluation of the individual's state of arousal determines the reciprocation or compensation of nonverbal intimacy. Sixty-four male students served as subjects and two male students served as confederates. The confederate attempted to induce in the subject a more or less favorable feeling for him by agreeing or disagreeing with the subject's view on an issue. Subsequently, the confederate increased or maintained the same level of nonverbal immediacy as he did in an earlier session. Hypotheses were as follows: (1) An increase in the confederate's immediacy would effect an increase in the subjects' arousal which, in turn, (2) would lead to either reciprocal or compensatory nonverbal adjustments by subjects, depending on whether they viewed the confederate more or less favorably, respectively. The results provide some limited support for both hypothesis 1 and 2.
Right : This study was undertaken to test Patterson's arousal model of nonverbal intimacy. The model proposes that the evaluation of the individual's state of arousal determines the reciprocation or compensation of nonverbal intimacy. Sixty-four male students served as subjects and two male students served as confederates. The confederate attempted to induce in the subject a more or less favorable feeling for him by agreeing or disagreeing with the subject's view on an issue. Subsequently, the confederate increased or maintained the same level of nonverbal immediacy as he did in an earlier session. Hypotheses were as follows:(1) An increase in the confederate's immediacy would effect an increase in the subjects' arousal which, in turn, (2) would lead to either reciprocal or compensatory nonverbal adjustments by subjects, depending on whether they viewed the confederate more or less favorably, respectively. The results provide some limited support for both hypothesis 1 and 2.

Date of correction: February 24, 2009 Reason for correction: - Correction: CITATION Details: Wrong : Argyle, M., & Dean, J. 1965 Eye contact, distance, and affiliation. Sociomehy, 28, 289-304.
Argyle, M., & Kendon, A. 1967 The experimental analysis of social performance. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol.4. New York: Academic Press. Pp.55-98.
Bakken, D. 1978 Behavioral adjustment in nonverbal immediacy: A methodological note. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 300-303.
Breed, G. 1972 The effect of intimacy: Reciprocity or retreat? British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 135-142.
Burgoon, J. K., & Aho, L. 1982 Three field experiments on the effects of violations of conversational distance. Communication Monographs, 49, 71-88.
Byrne, D. 1961 Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 713-715.
Cappella, J. N., & Greene, J. O. 1984 The effects of distance and individual differences in arousability on nonverbal involvement: A test of discrepancy-arousal theory. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 259-286.
Coutts, L. M., & Schneider, F. W. 1976 Affiliafive conflict theory: An investigation of the intimacy equilibrium and compensation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1135-1142.
Coutts, L. M., Schneider, F. W., & Montgomery, S. 1980 An investigation of the arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 545-561.
Edelmann, R. J., & Hampson, S. E. 1981 Embarrassment in dyadic interaction. Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 171-177.
Foot, H. C., Chapman, A. J., & Smith, J. R. 1977 Friendship and social responsiveness in boys and girls. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 401-411.
Freedman, N., & Hoffman, S. P. 1967 Kinetic behavior in altered clinical states: An approach to the objective analysis of motor behavior during clinical interviews. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 24, 525-533.
Hall, E. T. 1966 The hidden dimension. New York: Doubleday.
Jourard, S. M., & Friedman, R. 1970 Experimenter-subject “distance” and self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 278-282.
Kleck, R. 1970 Interaction distance and nonverbal agreeing responses. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 180-182.
McAndrew, F. T., Gold, J. A., Lenny, E., & Ryckman, R. M. 1984 Explorations in immediacy: The nonverbal system and its relationship to affective and situational factors. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 210-228.
Patterson, M. L. 1976 An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Psychological Review, 83, 235-245.
Patterson, M. L. 1978 Arousal change and cognitive labeling: Pursuing the mediators of intimacy exchange. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 3, 17-22.
Patterson, M. L. 1983 Nonverbal behavior: A functional perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Storms, M. D., & Thomas, G. C. 1977 Reactions to physical closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 412-418.
Stroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. 1976 The ontogenesis of smiling and laughter: A perspective on the organization of development in infancy. Psychological Review, 83, 173-189.
Wada, M. 1988 Effects of liking, interpersonal distance, and topics on nonverbal behaviors. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 59, 45-52.(In Japanese with English abstract)
Whitcher, S. J. & Fisher, J. D. 1979 Multidimensional reaction to the therapeutic touch in a hospital setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 87-96.

Right : Argyle, M., & Dean, J. 1965 Eye contact, distance, and affiliation. Sociomehy, 28, 289-304.
Argyle, M., & Kendon, A. 1967 The experimental analysis of social performance. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol.4. New York: Academic Press. Pp.55-98.
Bakken, D. 1978 Behavioral adjustment in nonverbal immediacy: A methodological note. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 300-303.
Breed, G. 1972 The effect of intimacy: Reciprocity or retreat? British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 135-142.
Burgoon, J. K., & Aho, L. 1982 Three field experiments on the effects of violations of conversational distance. Communication Monographs, 49, 71-88.
Byrne, D. 1961 Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62, 713-715.
Cappella, J. N., & Greene, J. O. 1984 The effects of distance and individual differences in arousability on nonverbal involvement: A test of discrepancy-arousal theory. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 259-286.
Coutts, L. M., & Schneider, F. W. 1976 Affiliafive conflict theory: An investigation of the intimacy equilibrium and compensation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1135-1142.
Coutts, L. M., Schneider, F. W., & Montgomery, S. 1980 An investigation of the arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 545-561.
Edelmann, R. J., & Hampson, S. E. 1981 Embarrassment in dyadic interaction. Social Behavior and Personality, 9, 171-177.
Foot, H. C., Chapman, A. J., & Smith, J. R. 1977 Friendship and social responsiveness in boys and girls. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 401-411.
Freedman, N., & Hoffman, S. P. 1967 Kinetic behavior in altered clinical states: An approach to the objective analysis of motor behavior during clinical interviews. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 24, 525-533.
Hall, E. T. 1966 The hidden dimension. New York: Doubleday.
Jourard, S. M., & Friedman, R. 1970 Experimenter-subject “distance” and self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 278-282.
Kleck, R. 1970 Interaction distance and nonverbal agreeing responses. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 180-182.
McAndrew, F. T., Gold, J. A., Lenny, E., & Ryckman, R. M. 1984 Explorations in immediacy: The nonverbal system and its relationship to affective and situational factors. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 8, 210-228.
Patterson, M. L. 1976 An arousal model of interpersonal intimacy. Psychological Review, 83, 235-245.
Patterson, M. L. 1978 Arousal change and cognitive labeling: Pursuing the mediators of intimacy exchange. Environmental Psychology and Nonverbal Behavior, 3, 17-22.
Patterson, M. L. 1983 Nonverbal behavior: A functional perspective. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Storms, M. D., & Thomas, G. C. 1977 Reactions to physical closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 412-418.
Stroufe, L. A., & Waters, E. 1976 The ontogenesis of smiling and laughter: A perspective on the organization of development in infancy. Psychological Review, 83, 173-189.
Wada, M. 1988 Effects of liking, interpersonal distance, and topics on nonverbal behaviors. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 59, 45-52.(In Japanese with English abstract)
Whitcher, S. J., & Fisher, J. D. 1979 Multidimensional reaction to the therapeutic touch in a hospital setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 87-96.

Abstract

This study was undertaken to test Patterson's arousal model of nonverbal intimacy. The model proposes that the evaluation of the individual's state of arousal determines the reciprocation or compensation of nonverbal intimacy. Sixty-four male students served as subjects and two male students served as confederates. The confederate attempted to induce in the subject a more or less favorable feeling for him by agreeing or disagreeing with the subject's view on an issue. Subsequently, the confederate increased or maintained the same level of nonverbal immediacy as he did in an earlier session. Hypotheses were as follows:(1) An increase in the confederate's immediacy would effect an increase in the subjects' arousal which, in turn, (2) would lead to either reciprocal or compensatory nonverbal adjustments by subjects, depending on whether they viewed the confederate more or less favorably, respectively. The results provide some limited support for both hypothesis 1 and 2.

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