ストルィピン農業改革期ロシアにおける私的所有・共同所有および家族分割
2003 年 45 巻 2 号 p. 1-20
詳細
2003 年 45 巻 2 号 p. 1-20
In socio-economic terms, what distinguished imperial Russia from other European countries was the survival of family ownership of land and other property among the peasantry into the early 20th century. The Tsarist Russian government was startled by the peasant revolution of 1905 and responded by trying to abolish family ownership and replace it with private ownership based on the Western European model-a model that had never been part of Russian tradition. However, there proved to be an insurmountable gap between the old and new models of ownership. The Russian government recognized private ownership only in cases where the householder was the father of the family. In all other cases, the govemmennt prohibited the establishment of exclusive private ownership and recognized joint ownership only. Moreover, if the father of the household died leaving multiple heirs, joint ownership or division of the inherited property were the only two options available. The initial intention of the Russian government, to turn the household (dvor) into a kind of enterprise aimed at promoting the maintenance and increase of family assets, was foundered due to the recognition of joint ownership and the strength of local customs which were valid in case of family division and inheritance as before the Stolypin Reform. The years following the Stolypin Reform saw an unprecedented increase in the number of registered householders, for various reasons. The new legal necessity to consolidate family property under private ownership prompted movement to legally register previously unauthorized family divisions and prompted new family divisions too. At the same time the abolition of act of restricting family divisions and joint-ownership household as well also encouraged family division. At ground level, the reforms had serious consequences: they undermined family relationships, destabilized the system of shared household labour, and ultimately the lands which were owned by the peasants were subdivided more and more.
