「生存配慮」と「社会政策的都市政策」 : 19世紀末～20世紀初頭ドイツの都市公共交通を素材として(大会報告・共通論題:都市の公共性-主体・政策・規範-,2010年度政治経済学・経済史学会秋季学術大会)

抄録

The concept "Daseinsvorsorge" was first suggested in 1938 by the German jurist Ernst Forsthoff. It signifies the duty and responsibility that the public administration, and municipal government in particular, accepted to provide the resources necessary for urban life, such as energy supply and public transportation, to all urban residents in the course of 19th century industrialization and urbanization. As Daseinsvorsorge is independent of poverty and applied also to the rich, it is distinguished from 'social assistance'. First of all, the municipal government was responsible for Daseinsvorsorge, and continued to hold the sphere of its activity in the course of centralization. Meanwhile, the concept 'Sozialpolitische Stadtpolitik' was suggested in 2002 by the German sociologist Jurgen Kramer. In contrast with 'urban social policy', such as poor relief, Sozialpolitische Stadtpolitik provides all urban residents with public services, utilities and opportunities for direct communication for the purpose of the integration of urban society. Among various facilities, Kramer values hospitals, nursing homes and open spaces, and views such measures as the historical origin of the 'social city' program in contemporary Germany. Using these two overlapping concepts, this paper aims to clarify the implications of fare-paying urban public services in terms of social policy. The specific case study is public transportation at the turn of the 20th century in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, when the municipalization and electrification of tramway was implemented, and the municipal government planned to reduce fares and to open up the service to new passengers. In particular the introduction of the weekly-ticket for working people was significant. At first the municipal government intended, for technical and financial reasons, to introduce a weekly-ticket with which working people could take the tram only once a day. A special city council committee made a counterproposal of a weekly-ticket which was applicable to a wider range of the urban population and permitted them to take the tram twice a day, a proposal which the municipal government accepted in the end. Though fare-paying, this policy aimed at facilitating tramway use, and could be considered as typical example of Daseinsvorsorge. It signifies that such municipal government activities continued to play a role in integrating urban society in the historical development from the 'social city' via the 'social state' and back to the 'social city' again.