格差と規範の政治経済学

―分析的マルクス主義の視点から―

抄録

This paper reviews the conceptual background and (potentially) the disciplinary features of ‘political economy’ since the 18th century and links them to the intellectual strategies of Analytical Marxism (AM) as an extension of them. Political economy tended to exhibit the following features : (i) as a term, ‘political economy’ was used to distinguish the field from ‘economics’, which from the mid‒19^th century developed into the reductionistic study of economic phenomena ; (ii) as a discipline, it pursued a comprehensive perspective for envisioning conceivable socioeconomic systems; and (iii) it adopted frameworks for discussing surplus and distribution, especially in the context of a given class structure. Additionally, (iv) it implicitly contained normative criteria that highlighted problems in the socioeconomic system of the time, and offered certain concepts of value to express those criteria. By way of comparison, AM can be summarized as follows: (i) its members sought consistency in their arguments, and some of them employed the methodologies of economics to achieve this; but (ii) like both political economy and traditional Marxism, AM aimed to establish a vision of socioeconomic systems. In addition, (iii) it continued to recognize class structure and distribution as important themes, and (iv) it developed arguments that made the normative implications of inequality more explicit. The main results of exploitation theory stemming from the AM research program not only relativized the traditional view of class structure and shed light on the general mechanisms involved in the emergence of exploitation and class, but also helped clarify normative issues that had been ambiguous in the classical debate.