麓川蛮百夷の叛乱について

明初平〓工作の諸相と土着対応

抄録

Chi-mi policy, usually called t'u-ssu, was a system which the Ming Court applied to the local tribes in the south and the south-west, the policy contained some elements which brought revolt of the native tribes contrary to its intention. Speaking on the part of the native tribes, this meant that how to respond to these chi-mi works was one of the important elements which would determine their own fate. In this discussion I verified this proposition through stating what kind of chi-mi works the Ming Court successively executed in a run of revolts of Pai-i Lu ch'uan-man.
What-we-call the Lu ch'uan revolt broke out in 1385 soon after the military expedition of Chuan you t'e, but an internal troubles in Lu Lu ch'uan brought it to a temporary conclusion. Using this opportunity the Ming Court took measures such as the establishment of the fu and chou around Lu ch'uan, the appointment of t'u-ssu officials, the Partition of the old t'u-ssu domain, the promotion to hsuan wei shih ssu and other such activities (the natives new submission in Yung Yue). For all that Lu ch'uan rose in revolt again in 1436 and extended their power from the south-west to the middle of present Yun nan. In order to suppress them Wang chi made three military expeditions (the three military expeditions of Wang chi), the process of which I stated in the main text. As a result Pai-i Lu ch'uan man was almost annihilated. After that trading with Burma by way of Meng yang t'u-ssu came to be stressed. During the so-called military expeditions of Wang chi the Ming Court dealt with native tribes with conbinations of measures depending on time and situation: it repeatedly tried to pacify the region by offering rewards and imperial gifts to the region around Lu ch'uanman, a powerful t'u-ssu domain; bestowing benefits of exemption of tributary silver and gold to the other influential t'u-ssu who had called for co-operation at the time of expeditions; distributing Sün chien ssu while attempting to devide up t'u-ssu domains; provoking mutual confrontation and killing; and finally established new t'u-ssu at the main points of revolts. They also checked the formation of alliances and growth of t'u-ssu and native tribes who were on the rise. As a result, native tribes were restrained and thrown into confusion and they could accomplish no more than aimless movement and activity. I assume whichever tribe was the object of government activities, the measures applied were not fundamentally different. It is natural, however that there were variations and special actions in accordance with region, situation, time and especially the degree of submission of local peoples. As we know the border of Yun nan is a not land with endemic desease and unfavourable geographic and economic conditions. We may say it owes mainly to there varied Chi-mi works by the Ming that inspite of these conditions rebellions movements were settled as in the case of Pai-i Lu ch'uan-man.