紅河デルタの城郭遺跡, Lung Khê 城址をめぐる新認識と問題

抄録

The Lung Khê Citadel site is located on the natural levee of the old Dâu River at Lung Khê hamlet, Thành Khu'o'ng village, Thuân Thành district in Bac Ninh Province. The citadel includes a large rectangular walled fort (north wall: 680m, south wall: 520m, east wall: 320m, west wall: 328m).
Previous studies have identified the Lung Khê Citadel as the central citadel of Luy Lâu district, which was established as the capital of Chiao Chih (Giao Chi) Prefecture in the Western Han period and was also a place where Si Nhiêp, the prefect of Chiao Chih, resided. Recent studies have reshuffled the previous understanding.
Excavations and field research have revealed that the citadel was built in the 2nd century AD and continuous occupation can be confirmed to the end of the 5th or early 6th century AD. A large-scaled bronze workshop has been confirmed in the north central area inside the walls. A mold fragment of a bronze drum found in this area indicates a part of the workshop was used for casting late Heger I type drums. Although the majority of the artifacts are of Chinese-origin, several types, such as end roof tiles, a table-shaped stone mortar (pesani) and kendi, show cultural affinity with artifacts found in Trà Kiêu and Óc Eo, where the early Southeast Asian states were formed.
Among the early citadels or fort sites in the Red River Delta, Lung Khe is the largest one next to Cô Loa. The construction of Cô Loa can be dated between the 1st century BC and 1st century AD, but it seems that after its construction Cô Loa was not used for a very long time. On the other hand, the scale, occupation period and material culture of Lung Khê are worthy of the central capital of the Red River Delta, which must have been Long Bien. While there are many historical or legendary relics of Si Nhiêp around Lung Khê, no early document mentions any relation between Si Nhiêp and Luy Lâu. The title Long Ben Hâu conferred to Si Nhiêp as the lord of the district recorded in the San kuo chih is supporting evidence for this hypothesis.
The development of the Nan Hai trade from the end of the 1st millennium BC between China and Southeast Asia or further west stimulated the socio-economic development of the Red River Delta as an entrepôt, and the political power at Lung Khê should have been related to trade. However, from the late 3rd or 4th century a change in the trade route may have brought about a decline in the economic position of the Red River Delta. The later period of the Lung Khê Citadel were less connected with the south, so more domestic factors inside the Red River Delta need to be understood in a historical context.