英領北ボルネオ (サバ) におけるバジャウ人アイデンティティの形成

抄録

This article discusses the ideological background to the emergence of Bajau identity among the Muslim inhabitants of British North Borneo (currently the state of Sabah, Malaysia) in 1960, focusing on the two important foreign ideologies introduced into the region during the mid-1950s.
Efforts to uplift the social position of Muslims in North Borneo had long been made by the Brunei Malays, who claimed to be more civilised than their fellow Muslims in the region, intending to civilise the latter by promoting both the Malay language and Islam among them so that they could “become Malays”. Under such circumstances, ethnic identities of Muslims other than the Malays, such as the Bajaus, were given only negative significance, since if a person was not Malay he was not considered civilised, thus indicating one limit to the Brunei Malays mobilising their fellow Muslims. However, this situation changed when two new types of thinking were introduced into North Borneo during the mid-1950s.
K. Bali, a Siamese-Chinese born in Kelantan in 1927, devoted to the ideals of Indonesian nationalism pursuing a nation regardless of the ethnic differences, arrived in North Borneo in 1956 and decided to devote his life to the promotion of Sabah nationhood among the indegenous peoples. K. Bali advocated Sabah nationhood through the articles he wrote in the Malay corners of the North Borneo News and Sabah Times, which clearly denied the superiority of Malaya over North Borneo, though his ideas were not fully accepted by the Muslim community, since the idea of Sabah nationhood did not aim at securing the practice of Islam.
Qalam was a monthly Malay journal published in Singapore by Ahmad Lutfi, an Arab Muslim born in Kalimantan. It mainly introduced the ideas of Islamic reformists in Cairo, including the Muslim Brotherhood established in Egypt in 1928, to readers not only in Malaya and Singapore, but also in North Borneo. One of the topics repeatedly appearing in Qalam was Muslims assuming the reins of government to secure the practice of Islam, despite the fact that Muslims did not form a majority in the region.
By combining these two sets of ideas, Muslims in North Borneo developed an ideology by which to uplift their social position by first joining Malaya so that they could secure such a position in North Borneo through the influence of Malaya, a Muslim Malay dominant state and secondly by demarcating North Borneo as an autonomous unit and excercising majority rule internally to oppose the dominance of the Brunei Malays. This led to the emorgence of a Bajau identity as the majority ethnic group among the Muslims in North Borneo.