文治の守護・地頭問題の基礎的考察

抄録

The object of this article is to reexamine the theory of the Kunijitoshiki (国地頭職) in order to study the formation of the Shugo and Jito system within the Kamakura government. Since the discovery of the kunijitoshiki, the vast majority of previous studies have recognized its existence, that is to say, it has been an established theory that the content of the petition to the court in November in 1185, which was made by Hojo Tokimasa (北条時政), a messenger dispatched by Minamoto no Yoritomo (源頼朝), was the original kunijitoshiki. However, in this article the author attempts to examine the existence of the kunijitoshiki in itself, in the light of the confusibn of previous studies, especially on the relationship between the kunijitoshiki and sotsuibushi (惣追捕使). First, the author confirms the content of the petition. It is aimed principally at establishing sotsuibushi in the western provinces to track down Minamoto no Yoshitsune (源義経) and other outlaws. Furthermore, the following two rights petitioned for at the same time, the right to collect provision rice, and the right to dispose of mokkanryo (没官領) were based in the Sotsuibushi. Secondly, the author analyzes the content of the negotiations, between the court and Tokimasa in March in 1186. The analysis shows that the shichikakokujitoshiki (七カ国地頭職), which is regarded as the only concrete evidence for the existence of the kunijitoshiki, was a general name of the shogojitoshiki (荘郷地頭職) established in seven provinces. Thirdly, the author examines the kyukokujito (九国地頭), the shikokujito (四国地頭), and the Kamakuradonokannoshi (鎌倉殿勧農使), which are regarded as the direct predecessors of the kunijitoshiki, but were different from the kunijitoshiki in kind. On the basis of these examinations, the author denies the existence of a kunijitoshiki within the kamakura government. Therefore, it is not necessary to take account of the kunijitoshiki when studying the formation of the shugo and jito system of that Government.