鎌倉期朝廷社会における官司運営の変質 : 修理職・内蔵寮の検討を通して

抄録

The decline of centralized administration in ancient Japan was accompanied by the scrapping and building of government offices and changes in their internal structure to enable them to be operated in a more intensive manner. As for the bureaucrats who manned these offices during the medieval period, it has been pointed out that there was a system of hereditary offices (kanshiukeoi) and one of non-hereditary (hi-kanshi-ukeoi非官司請負) offices. This article will deal with the latter type of office using the examples of the Shurishiki修理職(Office of Palace Construction and Repair) and the Kuraryo内蔵寮(Office of the Imperial Household) during the early medieval period to trace and describe the changes that were implemented in their operating systems. As a result of his investigation, the author finds that in the case of the Shurishiki, a "proprietor"(chigyosha知行者) was placed above the traditional office head (shuridaibu修理大夫) and deputy (nenyo年預) and could appoint their relatives or retainers as the office's top bureaucrats, while sharing their duties. Such a system of proprietary rights and interests over such offices (including the Meryo馬寮Horse Stables) can be traced back to the early 13th century in the case of the Shurishiki and would develop further throughout the Kamakura period. As proprietors assumed more and more authority over their offices and traditional top bureaucrats grew more and more out of touch with practical day-to-day operations, during the Muromachi period, the Shurishiki seemed to have been run by samurai (buke武家) instead of aristocrats (kuge公家). Moreover, the division of labor in government offices became more compartmentalized, and individual jobs were also inherited though specific families in some cases. For example, the Kuraryo is said to have been run by the Yamashina山科family during the Muromachi period, but rights to succession (shiki職) applied to specific tasks or offices, like department head or deputy. The author concludes that it has become necessary to reexamine the Kamakura bureaucracy from the standpoint of such proprietorship over government offices.