鎌倉時代の寺社紛争と六波羅探題

抄録

This article examines the role and function of the Rokuhara Tandai 六波羅探題, the Kamakura Bakufu's functionary in the capital of Kyoto, regarding the settlement of disputes involving Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines, focusing on the relationship between the aristocracy and the Bakufu, in order to clarify the reason d'etre and historical significance of the office. After the establishment of the Tandai in the aftermath of retired emperor Go-Toba's unsuccessful military campaign against the Bakufu in 1221, the Rokuhara Tandai was mainly concerned with militarily pacifying disputes that broke out among religious institutions in the capital; but during the appointment of Hojo Shigetoki 北条重時 (1230-47), its functions were expanded to arresting, interrogating and punishing persons ordered prosecuted by the aristocracy, conducting investigations, and delivering orders and negotiating them with religious institutions, as protocols for communications between the Tandai and the aristocracy were established. At that time, the authority of dispute settlement in the capital still rested with the aristocracy as before the incident of 1221, with the Bakufu still playing a minor role, reflecting a spirit of cooperation between Bakufu regent Hojo Yasutoki and Kyoto, so Tandai Shigetoki's involvement in forming aristocratic policy and implementing it remaining a private, behind the scenes affair. While this relationship with the aristocracy continued into the late Kamakura period, changes occurred in Bakufu policy regarding religious institutions that necessitated the Bakufu to intervene directly in disputes involving them. Under these circumstances, the Rokuhara Tandai began reporting directly to the Bakufu and transmitting Bakufu decisions to the aristocracy, as well as officially informing religious institutions of joint Bakufuaristocracy decisions and negotiating them. At this time, in the backdrop of 1) becoming a symbol of fast-track bureaucratic promotion and 2) organizing institutions and personnel into a Bakufu mechanism of control over the capital region and Western Japan, the Rokuhara Tandai was transformed into a close liaison between the Bakufu and the aristocracy, and the locus where consensuses between the two ruling bodies were formed and implemented. The author concludes that the Rokuhara Tandai developed from an individual (family) appointment into an administrative office, whose initial political character evolved into the implementation of law and order in the capital through both policing and juridical activities.