治部省の成立

抄録

It goes without saying that the political structure as prescribed in the Japanese Ritsuryo Codes was based on the T'ang model. However, it was not just a mere imitation of that of T'ang, as it included many modification peculiar to Japan. As has been demonstrated recently for the 'Dajokan' (太政官) System, the Japanese Ritsuryo political Structure was formed from a compounding of T'ang and native Japanese institutions. This article takes one of the eight ministries (八省) of the Ritsuryo System, the 'Jibusho', and examines the process of its establishment. In doing this, the author has paid special attention to the position of the 'Jibusho' in the total political structure, and how the fomer was connected with the latter. This article reaches the conclusion that the beginnings of the 'Jibusho' can be traced to the native Japanese office of the 'Osamurutsukasa' (ヲサムルツカサ). This office originally controlled the 'Uji' (氏), the members of the Imperial Court (朝廷). However in 664A.D., when the 'Ujinokami' (氏上) System, that is, the system of granting special public rights to the representatives of each 'Uji', was established, the 'Osamurutsukasa' also came to control the 'Ujinokami'. Later when Emperor 'Temmu' (天武) began to introduce T'ang institutions on a full scale, the old political structure was remodeled largely along T'ang lines. The 'Osamurutsukasa' became the 'Rikan' (理官), one of the newly established six offices (六官), placed under the 'Dajokan'. The 'Rikan' was set up as the equivalent of the 'Reibu' (礼部) of the T'ang system, with the same administrative powers as the 'Reibu'. Thus, the 'Rikan', established under the Emperor 'Temmu' came to possess administrative powers derived from the T'ang model and of local origin. Later the 'Rikan' was to some extent remodeled under the 'Kiyomihara Ryo' (浄御原令) System, and with the enforcement of the 'Taiho Ryo' (大宝令) Code its administrative content was altered a little, and its title was changed to 'Jibusho'. During this period the remodeling of the bureaucracy along T'ang lines was continued, while the former institutions of 'Uji' gradually began to lose their importance. Due to this fact, the 'Ujinokami' System was completely alterd under the Taiho-Code, being removed from the jurisdiction of the 'Jibusho'. Subsequently, the 'Jibusho' of the 'Taiho=Yoro Ryo' (大宝=養老令) System came to retain only the administrative content it had received from its T'ang counterpart, the 'Reibu'.