六朝の良・賤をめぐって

抄録

This paper is an attempt to clarify the following points : 1.Liang in the Han (漢) period are the people and their families upon whom the government imposed basic taxes and public service, i.e., tien tsu (田租) and keng yao (更〓). In the early Six Dynasties the emperor had private citizens (not nu pei (奴婢)) upon whom he based his power, and allowed the government officials, according to their rank, to have a certain number of private citizens (not nu pei) as k'o (客), exempting them from taxes and public service. This is similar to the feudal system, and k'o may be regarded as liang. We can say that the emergence of liang was a response to that of the new political system. 2.Later in the Six Dynasties the emperor wanted to become the absolute monarch, but he could not disregard the system of k'o hu (客戸) and the powerful clans who contributed to the emergence of the system. K'o became pu ch'u (部曲) in the Northern Dynasties, and we may also take pu ch'u as liang. Those who were registerd only in the central government (e.g. yueh hu (楽戸)) were liang in the Northern Dynasties. Liang in the liang chien system (=the liang nu (良奴) system) had the above mentioned qualities, and there we can notice the formal traces of liang of the early Six clynasties. 3."Nu pei," caused by perpetual flesh traffic, were sometimes called liang in the Six Dynasties. This was due to the complicated fact that liang had a strong quality of pedigree and that the government tried to turn "nu pei" back into their former order of peasants, regarding the existence of "nupei" as unlawful.