行基の活動における民衆参加の特質 : 都市住民と女性の参加をめぐって

抄録

The purpose of this note is to clarify the characteristics of the participants in Gyoki's (行基) religious movement. Researchers have called these people "common people" (民衆) but as of yet there has been no real attempt to make clear their concrete images. First, from an investigation of a tax ledger (計帳) of 733, the author was able to determine the base of Gyoki's religious operations as Heijokyo (平城京) Ukyo 3 Jo 3 Bo (右京三条三坊) the site of the temple, Sugawara-dera (菅原寺). The author concludes that it was city dwellers from the Kinai Region -members of clans who had immigrated from the Continent, low class officials and their families -who were supporting Gyoki's movement. Their relationship to Gyoki formed the basis of a movement which began in 723 and developed along with policies of the state. Secondly, a report to the Emperor, or So (奏) submitted by the Dajokan (太政官) in 722 not only views Gyoki's movement as a danger to the state due to participating male citizens' tendency to evade taxation, but also mentions women's participation as well. According to this report, women's participation was seen as leading to the breakup of the family thus causing harmful social impact. As a result of the introduction of the Ritsuryo System (律令制), a change occurred in the social position of women including increased participation by women in religious movements. There is no doubt that Gyoki positively incorporated this fact into his own program. Also women's participation certainly influenced greatly the form of the movement after 723. From the above analysis, the author sees the last years of the Yoro (養老) era (717-723) as a period of transition in which Gyo-ki's religious movement spread from its center, Heijokyo, into all parts of the Kinai together with the spread of public construction works. It was also a period in which Gyoki's movement was going through a political transition from a state oppressed movement to a publically recognized religious activity. During this period the participants in the movement included not only low class males, but came to embrace low level officials who seem to have been members of clans of seigniors or wealthy squires in their home regions, and many women. The participation of these latter groups no doubt lent direction to Gyoki's movement.