勧進の体制化と「百姓」 : 大和の一国平均役=土打役について

抄録

Essentially the Buddhist term, kanjin 勧進 refers to the fact of "pointing the human race into the direction of Good by encouraging the people to follow the way of the Buddha." However, in Japan from the 12th century, this same term came to signify more and more "the solicitation of donations in the form of money and goods for the construction and repair of religious buildings and images on the premise that such works are the root of Good and the source of Grace." At first, such soliciting was carried out by certain holy men (hijiri 聖) or saints (shonin 上人), buddhist monks who would either canvass door to door or accost travellers on the highways and byways in their efforts to amass funds and convert the people to the Way. However, by the end of the 13th century such solicitation came to be collected forcibly through permits issued by the Imperial Court and warrior governments in such forms a hut taxes, docking fees and barrier tolls ; that is, kanjin became a part of the medieval system of tax assessment. In this essay, the author takes up the problem of a Yamato provincial tax levy called tsuchiuchi-yaku 土打役, originally corvee donated or levied for preparing clay used in the production of temple roof tiles, and is able to clarify the following two points : 1)that this tax levy originated with the religious donation soliciting carried out by monks of the Ritsu 律 sect who had been in close contact with the common people of Yamato, and in and around 1280 this levy became a tax uniformally imposed throughout the province. 2)that those of yeoman commoner status (hyakusho 百姓), who came to share the burden of this land-based tax with shoen proprietors (jishu 地主), were actually the cultivation right holders (sakushu-shiki shoyusha 作主職所有者) of the land subject to that levy. The widespread use of the more bureaucratic sounding term, sakushu-shiki (ownership of the rights to cultivation), in place of the simple term for cultivator, Sakute (作手), occurs in the historical literature just after the establishment of that provincial levy called tsuchiuchi-yaku. This fact, when juxtaposed to the previous two points, leads one to believe that there existed a close relationship between the institutionalization of religious donation solicitation, that is, its establishment as a uniform provincial tax levy, and the widespread use of the bureaucratic term for the ownership of cultivation rights (sakushu-shiki). In other words, the medieval state, through the custom of religious solicitation, was able to place within its public taxation system those holding cultivatorships (sakute) under the status of yeoman commoner (hyakusho), and it is because of this fact that cultivators came to take on the more official sounding title of holder of the right to land cultivation.