中世職人の経営独占とその解体

抄録

Daikushiki (大工職), which laid the ground for monopoly, came into existence in the latter half of the 13th century. It had three features ; 1)it could be materialzed and become the object of purchase, sale, or pawn [the aspect of a real right] ; 2)it was regulated by employers' right of appointment and dismissal [the feudal aspect] ; and 3)it was found in the imperial palace and temples, but not in private residences [the bureaucratic aspect]. The 14th and the 15th century is the period in which the feudal aspect and the bureaucratic aspect confronted the aspect of a real right. As a whole, a shift from the former to the latter was seen during this era. Before the end of the 15th century employers lost the right of appointment that embodied their right to choose craftsmen. The proof of guarantee and the proof of judgement issued by the Shogunate took the place of proof of appointment by employers. In such a way, employers were deprived of their right to decide on their own which craftsmen they are to employ. This signifies the structural completion of the craftsmen's management monopoly. The retaliation of employers against the monopoly of craftsmen began as restilt of the legislation of 1510. According to this legislation, which gradually abolished Daikushiki, the system of Daikushiki-determination based on the guarantee of the Shogunate was rectified. The Shogunate itself articulated the policy to grant employers the right to choose their craftsmen. While it is customarily thought that the Toyotomi administration was the first to abolish Daikushiki, in fact, it had merely inherited the policy from the Muromachi Shogunate. The modern employment system was established as the medieval form of monopoly was overcome. It was a progressive policy whose key points were the denial of workplace proprietorship and the creation of a free employment system. On the other hand, we must not overlook the fact that this policy was strictly based on consumers' interests and the craftsmen were left to suffer under its reactionary characteristics.