Development of a Model Experiment for the Equilibrium Temperature of a Planet Using an Infrared Heater and a Spherical Glass Bottle

Abstract

In this study, we developed an experimental method to visualize the process by which a planet reaches its equilibrium temperature for use in Earth Science-related subjects within teacher training courses at upper secondary schools and universities. Using an infrared heater and a glass bottle to model the central star and the planet, respectively, we demonstrated that the rate of temperature change decreases over time, with the bottle, or planet, eventually stabilizing at the equilibrium temperature. By visualizing and recording real-time temperature changes with a digital temperature logger, students can directly observe the process of reaching equilibrium temperature in the classroom and quantitatively analyze the energy balance at equilibrium. The estimated energy balance was generally consistent with theoretical predictions, demonstrating that students can explore the equilibrium state from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives in classroom settings.