2020 年 42 巻 p. 171-188
This research clarifies the situation of collaboration between local governments and civil society organizations in 23 wards of Tokyo and the impact of them to citizen's efficacy toward local public policy. The downtown area of the 23 wards of Tokyo has a denser population than other areas. And the burden on the local governments are greater in the overcrowded downtown area than in other areas. Because of this local situations, civil society organizations are working with the administration to supplement the provision of public services.