Tumors originating from peripheral nerves are relatively rare in the oral cavity. Such lesions occasionally appear as a central lesion of the mandible, and many of these are Schwannomas. However, central neurofibroma is quite rare. We present a case of intraosseous neurofibroma of the mandible in a 35-year-old Japanese woman. The lesion showed as a quail egg-sized radiolucency in the canine-first premolar region of the left mandibular body, overlapping the mental foramen. The lesion was enucleated with involvement of the inferior alveolar nerve. Histopathologically, the unencapsulated lesion comprised a proliferation of densely packed spindle cells and some collagenous tissue with irregular arrangement. Nerve fibers were scattered throughout the lesion. Immunohistochemistry showed S-100 protein in scattered nerve fibers within the tumor, while proliferating spindle cells were negative for this protein.
