Expanding on his study of the social construction of technology, Bijker used a technological frame to explain the factors involved in the success development of Bakelite. It is generally accepted that the successful synthesis of Bakelite was particularly helped by the fact that the inventor, Baekeland, was more deeply included in the technological frame of electrochemical engineers rather than that of celluloid chemists. However, a careful reading of Bijker's case study reveals that (i) the technological frame contributing to the synthesis of Bakelite is separate from the technological frame of electrochemical engineers and (ii) it was formed by collecting components of the technological frame (called technological frame parts in this paper) of the community to which Baekeland belonged and in which he was included as well as the technological frames of celluloid chemists and electrochemical engineers.

Research on firm growth shows that results vary depending on the measure of growth used. Many empirical studies have tested the comparability of firm growth measures. This study examined concurrent validity among the growth measures of professional service firms (PSFs). Specifically, we examined the absolute and relative growth rates of 87 patent firms from 1998 to 2008 using five growth variables—firm sales, total number of patent applications, number of domestic patent applications, number of patent attorneys, and number of employees. We found that concurrent validity was high only between number of total patent applications and number of domestic patent applications. The reason may be that for patent firms, other factors are in play, such as level of business diversification and outsourcing, range of clients, and number of support personnel who are not formally qualified. This shows that PSFs and private sector firms exhibit different growth paths. However, this also suggests that it is not sufficient to measure firm growth using growth measures that do not consider differences among private sector firms in different sectors or firms within the same sector but with different structures.

In influencer marketing, influencers are usually selected based on the number of followers. But is this the right selection method? In this study, we conducted a preliminary survey of SDG-related words on Instagram. Among accounts with posts that included hashtags “#food loss” and “#renewable energy,” we selected one account with a high view count for each hashtag. Then, for these two accounts, we conducted a network analysis using mutual following relationships as ties and accounts as nodes. We found that the former account had a broadcasting-type network, whereas the latter account had a community-type network. In a community type network, users are very like-minded, and influencers with community-type networks are considered more effective at the purchase decision stage. Owing to a higher rate and number of comments for the community-type network, these two values could be used as substitute indicators for network structure.

What exactly is an organization? To answer this question, we will refer to organizational theory formulated and developed in the 20th century. Chester Barnard believed that human groups appear to be organized rather than disorderly crowds because members with a common purpose are working purposively. Herbert A. Simon, who expanded on this idea, considered that making purposive decisions is rational as long as the purposes are accomplished step by step from top to bottom along a hierarchy of ends. However, he pointed out that this hierarchy of ends was incomplete and was, sometimes, contradictory. Regarding technology as an alternative to this, James D. Thompson came to the opinion that if organizations are purposive, their core should consist of one or more technologies. Karl E. Weick depicted the technology-formation process as an organizing process. People will initially repeat, for their various purposes, an interlocked behavior cycle as a common means. If the cycle is stable, people with differing goals will be able to use it, leading to the assembly of a larger module and a gradual shift to a common purpose.

This study shows that a positive correlation exists between diversification of place of work and organizational commitment. The study compared the working-at-the-office group, working-from-home group, and shared-office-use group using data from an internet survey (N = 3694) and data gathered from a survey of people using shared offices (N = 424). The results were as follows. First, we found that organizational commitment was higher for the group that combined working at the office and working from home and the group that combined working at the office and shared office use than it was for the group that was only working at the office. Second, we found that organizational commitment was higher for the group that combined all three (working at the office, working from home, and shared office use) than for the group that combined working at the office and working from home. From this, we assert that diversification of the place of work gives employees a positive view of their company in that it supports them, and this could enhance employees’ organizational commitment.