With this article, we aim to promote discussion about hand-rearing, in general and in the use of captive chimpanzees in the entertainment business, informed by evidence accumulated over recent decades. A vast amount of evidence suggests that maternal separation and hand-rearing have serious negative consequences on the physical, mental and behavioral development of non-human animals. Although there are common features to such effects across species, those with a comparatively long period of infancy and strong mother-infant bonds are relatively more susceptible to deleterious effects. This is because such species rely heavily on post-natal learning for the acquisition of crucial behaviors. Chimpanzees are one such species and studies show that chimpanzees separated from their mother early in life, are those most likely to: show impaired social behaviors; have difficulty raising infants appropriately; and to be unable to copulate (due to behavioral and not physical causes), the latter with conservation implications. Thus, from the perspective of animal welfare and conservation, unnecessary hand-rearing should be avoided and if absolutely unavoidable, infants should be reintegrated into social groups of conspecifics as soon as possible to minimize negative consequences. The number of cases of successful reintroduction of hand-rearing infants has increased recently, along with a decrease in the frequency of unnecessary hand-rearing, in zoos. However, the use of chimpanzees in entertainment shows continues to promote the unnecessary maternal separation and hand-rearing, in addition to deleterious effects involved in the training and exhibition of chimpanzees performing various, mostly species-unnatural, behaviors, for show on the stage, on television programs and across other media. Such entertainment shows also pose problems for environmental education. We need to switch to more humane and naturalistic ways of presenting chimpanzees to the public to encourage conservation activities. Hand-rearing should be limited, ideally, to cases of maternal rejection or infant abuse. However, it is sometimes difficult to make such a decision. To stop unnecessary hand-rearing and promote species-appropriate captive care, we need to create a network among institutions housing chimpanzees in order to: accumulate and share knowledge, expertise and resources; promote discussion; create standards/guidelines; and collaborate in reintroduction.

We examined fruit-foraging behavior of brown-eared bulbuls in a cage at the laboratory under the various lighting condition so that our study will help to prevent the damage of fruit produce caused by fruit-eating birds such as bulbuls. We classified eight and seven maturity stages of strawberry and grapes, respectively, in reference to each fruit-color chart. We presented the captive bulbuls with the choice tests of each fruit types at different maturity stages and colored Light Emitting Diode （LED） （red 630nm, yellow 590nm, green 525nm, blue 470nm）was applied to examine the effects of difference lighting condition. Five bulbuls were used for the strawberry choice test. Under the normal fluorescent light （control session）, bulbuls could choose strawberry preferentially in the order of more mature stage. However, when the colored LED was applied, the bulbuls could distinguish immaturity stages （color.0-3） of the strawberry, but not maturity （color.4-5） and post-maturity stages （color.6-7）. Under the each color of the LED, the frequency of the post-maturity stage of strawberry that was first chosen by bulbuls was significantly lower than that in the control. Furthermore, significantly longer latency to choose strawberry at post-maturity stage was observed when the blue LED was applied compared to the control and the other colors. Four bulbuls were used for the grape choice test. Bulbuls could choose grapes preferentially in the order of more mature stage, and there were no significant difference in their eating behavior among the lighting condition. It was shown that we could affect the recognition of the maturity fruit through the color vision of the bulbul by irradiating fruit with the LED light of the specific color that could change a color of the fruit.

Basal metabolism and energy intake in relation to body mass have long been studied in domestic animals; however, there are few studies on energy intake in captive wild animals. A total of 35 species were studied, including a wide variety of body size ranging from black kite (approx. 0.7kg) to whale shark (approx. 1200kg) kept at zoos and aquariums. Based on feeding contents, we here estimated the energy intake of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and cephalopods. The ratios of food mass to body mass were 7.5% and 12.9% in mammals and birds, respectively, whereas the ratios were smaller than 1% in reptiles, amphibians, fish and cephalopods. The mass-specific energy intake took a value of 100kcal/d in homeotherms (mammals and birds), whereas it took a value of smaller than 15kcal/d in poikilotherms. The energy intake increased with body mass in a proportional manner, suggesting that the energy intake of captive animals could be simply estimated from body mass.