In this article, how polyamorous people in the United States create care relationships is examined with a focus on what they value and the dilemmas they have experienced. Polyamory, one form of “conscious non-monogamy (CNM),” tends to emphasize the importance of choosing one's own style of love or lifestyle consciously, rather than simply accepting marriage and sexual norms. Stories of the backgrounds of how the subjects began polyamory and their daily lives show that they value individual autonomy as well as commitments with others. While polyamory takes various forms, these characteristics of polyamory are found distinctively in “solo polyamory.” Most “solo polyamorists” do not wish to live together and share finances, tending rather to emphasize individual independence. The case of Mia (pseudonym), who identifies as a “solo polyamorist,” reveals that solo polyamorists design their relationships through negotiations concerning what they want and that there are difficulties in determining which parts of their lives they should share or not.

    In this paper, we discuss the marriage of mothers who were born during the planned economy period from the perspective of their one-child daughters. As a result, three points can be highlighted. First, regarding the form of marriage, although differences can be observed between mothers and daughters, both groups tend to marry men of similar age, education level, ethnicity, and household registration. Furthermore, regarding the criteria for spouse selection, mothers and daughters are influenced by their respective historical backgrounds, but as a commonality, both prioritize the character, appearance, and occupational stability of men. Lastly, concerning marital relationships, mothers, like their daughters, emphasize not only practical conditions but also emotional aspects such as expressions of affection, thus having marital relationships that resonate with their own and their daughters' generations. By examining how one-child daughters perceive their mothers' views on marriage, it is confirmed that there are not only the differences emphasized by previous studies between women's marriages during China's planned economy period and market economy period, but also commonalities.

    In Japan, the factors of having multiple children have been examined mainly in the field of demography. For example, sex preference for children, the degree of male participation in childrearing and living with three generations are pointed out as factors in a thirdchild's birth. However, the effects of parents' educational expectations and educational investment on parity progression has not been adequately examined. In this paper, this point is examined using the Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century (wave1-wave15). Our analysis reveals two points. First, high educational expectations for children had a significant negative effect on parity progression. Second, high educational investment in children had a significant negative effect on parity progression. These results suggest that socioeconomic differences in children's educational attainment and educational investment affect the number of children. These results can also be interpreted in terms of socioeconomic differences in strategies concerning social stratification maintenance.

    A discussion of the process of women assuming the role of meal preparation is presented in this paper. The analysis is based on interviews with highly educated women who are working together and raising pre-school children. The women who were the main meal preparers defined their situation as one in which they would have to use the short-time work system if they continued to work after their childcare leave. This decision was based on the sense of responsibility for childcare implied by the workplace practice of women using the short-time work system after parental leave. Consequently, the use of the shorttime work system can be seen to place women in charge not only of childcare but also of meal preparation.

    This study consists of a report on a sample bias in farm households covered by the MAF Survey of the Farm Household Economy (1931-41).
    Saito (2022b) highlighted the possibility of sample bias in family structure and proposed a method to confirm this. He compared the MAF Survey with the results of the first census sample and studies based on village population registers of the Tohoku region during the late Tokugawa period. Using this method and a database constructed by the Institute of Economic Research at Hitotsubashi University, we examine the family structure of farm households. The results are as follows:
    (1) Very few households deviate from the typical stem family life cycle.
    (2) The incidence of simple family households within the stem family life cycle is underestimated. These findings suggest that vulnerable farm households as labor organizations are underrepresented.
    (3) Regional differences exist in the sample bias of family size; relatively large farm households (presumably those with more children) may be overrepresented in the North Kyushu and Shikoku regions.