Objective: To verify the effects of preventive measures against mother-to-child transmissions (MTCT) of HIV in infants born to HIV-positive females to investigate the effects of exposure to antiviral drugs in non-infected infants and to investigate the pathological conditions and diagnoses of infected children.
Method: Over an eight-year period, we conducted a questionnaire survey at hospital pediatric departments throughout Japan. In the primary survey, we asked whether respondent institutions had any experience diagnosing infants born to HIV-positive females, and a detailed secondary survey was then carried out at institutions with such experience.In addition, follow-up surveys were conducted regarding non-infected infants in 2004 and infected children in 2005.
Results: The number of known infants born to HIV-positive females was 287 as of 2006, and MTCT was observed in 42 cases. The rate of MTCT decreased to 0.6% due to thorough preventive measures (including antiviral drug treatments on mothers and infants, cesarean deliveries, and the termination of breast-feeding). In many non-infected infants, anemia was observed in the neonatal period. The 42 infected children exhibited no symptoms in23 cases, moderate disease in 1 case, AIDS in 3 cases, death in 11 cases, and unknown outcomes in 4 cases. Among the 26 cases that were 4 years old or older, highly active antiretroviral therapy was performed in 22 cases.
Conclusion: Due to the preventive measures against MTCT, the rate of mother-to-child transmissions of HIV is now approaching 0%. It is important to implement HIV antibody tests on 100% of all pregnant women. However, the issue regarding side effects in infants remains unclear, therefore further study is required to clarify whether the current preventive measures against MTCT are appropriate. In long-term infected children, the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy is becoming more common and the number of stabilized cases is increasing.

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Object: HIV testing was implemented in Eastern Shizuoka Prefectural Public Health Center, but response to needlestick accidents was inadequate.
After 2005, a smoother system of treatment and procedure concerning needle incidents was developed through the cooperation between a medical institution and the public health center staff in the face of the increasing numbers of HIV tests.
Methods: The reception, consultation, examination, diagnosis and treatment in this hospital and the details from the time of accident-generation were reviewed to determine the cost for Numazu Municipal Hospital and the public health center, and a manual was created.
In addition, smooth treatment was carried out without exception after going to the hospital, with the manual incorporated into each in-hospital admissions PC terminal.
Results: In the public health center, weekly daytime inspections with and monthly night inspections have been implement, but no needle incident has occurred to date. However, it may be said that risk that a needle incident arises from the tendency for the number of HIV test examinees in public health centers to increase. We think that it is possibleto provide adequate support if such a cooperative system is put in place before a needle incident occurs.
Moreover, the fact that this hospital is specified by Shizuoka Prefecture as the medical organization to provide protection against AIDS, medical response to needle incidents was a major factor behind the arrangement of an early prevention system.
Conclusion: If a support system for the increasing number of HIV tests in public health centers is devised, quick support becomes possible and can reduce inquietude among public health center staff.

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