The purpose of this study is to clarify how wheelchair softball players in Japan, which is players with disabilities （PWD） and players without disabilities （PWOD）, build relationships from the viewpoints of “relationship in sport” and “space in sport”.
Previous studies of relationship building between PWD and PWOD through sport have pointed out they use manners appropriate to the distance and space between them and the other person. However, the quantitative approach has not been examined to determine what trends or aspects may be observed.
Therefore, this study was conducted using a web questionnaire survey from February to March 2020. 116 （61 PWD, 55 PWOD） valid responses could be obtained. The main survey items were basic information about wheelchair softball, content of conversations in different spaces in sport and behaviors in different relationships in sport.
In this study, a two-way ANOVA was conducted using the factors of “content of conversations in space in sport” or “behaviors of relationship in sport” and “PWD or PWOD”. Main results are as follows.
1） The conversations that are essential to wheelchair softball, such as “type and degree of disability,” are more likely to take place “in-court”, and conversations about players’ personal information are more likely to take place at practice than at tournaments.
2） Disability-related behavior such as “information gathering” and “careful probing” tended to be more common with “new players”. On the other hand, the behavior of “teasing” and “being teased” about disability and play was more common for “close players” than for “new players”, and the frequency of “being teased” tended to be higher for PWOD than for PWD.
The results of the survey suggest that wheelchair softball players practice sensitive consideration by switching their behavior according to “space in sport” and “relationship in sport”.
In particular, it was suggested that one of the peculiarities of “space in sport” is that it is a space where even PWOD can be exposed to the disabilities of PWD because “in-court” is an essential condition for both PWD and PWOD to play together.
It was also suggested that a characteristic aspect of consideration was to neutralise the mistakes of PWOD by grasping their role and expectations and by “teasing”.

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What makes volleyball strategies fascinating is how attack and defense involve seizing or parrying “Ma-ai” （interval or distance between players）, with the ball as the medium.
This research seeks to clarify various aspects of the generation of “Ma-ai” in real time in volleyball attack and defense from the viewpoint of “generative theory”.
A volleyball match generates a continuous stream of spaces or gaps （“Ma”） in time and space between players. Included in this stream of “Ma” are the “Ma-ai”, which are generated “intersubjectively” or “interphysically” between players and are what enable exquisite, coordinated plays. “Ma-ai” refers to the tight connection between players that occurs when their “Ma” are aligned. Using “Ma-ai”, players are able to predict how events will unfold according to each other’s movements and intentions during a rally, and the movements of individual players are synchronized to realize various coordinated plays.
The opposing teams vie to see how much they can rally by using their own “Ma-ai” to make plays while preventing their opponents from doing the same. In other words, each team seizes “Ma-ai” for defense against the opponent’s attack, while trying to prevent the opponent from doing the same （by parrying their attempts to seize “Ma-ai”）. This process constitutes the attack and defense of “Ma-ai”.
The most important aspect of this process for the generation of “Ma-ai” is to create a stationary “Ma” at the zero point, that is, a fixed position in the formation, before the opponent does. By doing so, a team can increase its frequency of possession of the ball, facilitate a wider range of attacks, and make it harder for the opponent to predict the next move.

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This study aims to analyze various aspects of the activities of Japanese high school baseball players during the COVID-19 pandemic, and consider the possibility that these activities may cause fluctuations and changes in Japanese high school baseball culture. The COVID-19 pandemic caused “discontinuities to everyday life” in Japanese high school baseball. Analyzing the thoughts and activities of the players at that time helps us to acquire insights into the fluctuations and changes in high school baseball culture.
Previous studies on Japanese high school baseball culture have examined the historical context in which beliefs such as “collectivism,” “spiritualism,” and “victory supremacy” have been considered exemplary of high school baseball. Further, these studies have examined how “narratives” symbolizing these beliefs have been shared in society and have defined people's interpretation of Japanese high school baseball. However, these studies have not examined fluctuations and changes in Japanese high school baseball culture.
This study conducted semi-structured interviews with 11 former Japanese high school baseball players who experienced high school baseball during the COVID-19 pandemic, and analyzed the data obtained on the players' activities through coding. The results of the analysis were considered from the theoretical perspective of the cyclical and prescriptive relationship between cultural “rules” and “practices” as proposed by the theory of cultural reproduction.
The analysis generated five conceptual categories for the “practices” of the players during the COVID-19 pandemic: “disciplined and habitual infection control for the team,” “merits and demerits of reducing ‘excesses,’” “individualization and voluntary activities,” “uncertainty of prospects and redefinition of value,” and “fluctuation of the image and ‘authenticity’ of Japanese high school baseball.”
Each of these “practices” had two aspects: one was strongly bound by the “rules,” whereas the other was produced flexibly by questioning the meaning of those “rules.” The results suggest that the “practices” of the players during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to fluctuations in Japanese high school baseball culture through the ambivalent effects of preserving and reinforcing cultural “rules” and promoting changes in them. These fluctuations may accelerate the reflexivity of the “correctness” and “authenticity” of Japanese high school baseball, leading to a continuous cultural change in high school baseball.

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