The incidences of 20 nonmetric cranial traits of medieval Japanese skeletons excavated at the Ichikishima-jinja site in southern central Japan are reported, and compared with those of other population samples from Japan by means of Smith's Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD). The Ichikishima sample is proved to be biologically far from both the prehistoric Jomon and recent Hokkaido Ainu samples, and close to the samples from the protohistoric Kofun to the recent period, especially to the Kanto samples of the Muromachi and Kamakura periods. For both the recent and Kofun periods, the Ichikishima sample is closer to the eastern then to the western Japan samples. A secular trend, which is perhaps independent of the extent of admixture between the Jomon and immigrant elements, is suggested for the Japanese samples after the Yayoi period.

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Pattern of distribution of HbS gene among the people in a caste population of India was studied through the estimation of its frequency in different isolates, age groups and generations. Crow's index of the opportunity for natural selection among the live births in completed families, based on sickle cell genotype of parents, was estimated to check the suspected superior fertility potentials of AS over AA women. It is observed that genotype frequencies are in equilibrium in each of the three isolates of the population and there exists no significant difference between isolates. Among the adults similarly, nonsignificant differences in frequency between two successive age groups and between generations are observed. Opportunity for natural selection is highest among families in which one or both of the parents are AS. Nonsignificant but lightly higher mean fertility is observed from AA × AS than AA × AA atings.

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The two fossil molars from Trinil have been studied again, because many scientists failed to examine these fossils in detail. First of all, this paper deals with isolated orang-utan molars, to find out whether it is possible to determine the position of an isolated molar in the dentition. The conclusion is that this is impossible. Therefore, the upper molar of orang-utan have been studied in itu. After the two fossils are described in detail, they are morphologically compared to the orang molars. It can be concluded that it is probable that the fossils are third upper molars, though they might also be second upper molars. whether the fossils have belonged to an orang is, however, doubtful. The wrinkling pattern on the molars can bring no solution. So the general conclusion of this research has to be that it is an impossible job to determine the serial position of the Trinil upper molars, and for that matter any isolated molar.

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Monogenesis of language is widely accepted, but the conventional argument seems to be mistaken; a simple probabilistic model shows that polygenesis is likely. Other prehistoric inventions are discussed, as are problems in tracing linguistic lineages.

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