From 1986-2006 data from line transect surveys was analyzed as a way of determining the effects of habitat management of the breeding and wintering avifauna at the Yokohama Nature Sanctuary (YNS, area: 45ha) which has typical secondary forests of central Japan. We used data collected from yearly changes in avifauna species and numbers during the breeding season (April-June) and wintering season (Jan-Feb). Generalized linear mixed models were used for the analysis. A total of 95 species, including 7 species listed in the Kanazawa Prefecture Red Data book as EN, VU or NT and 7 species that primarily breed in large-sized forests were observed. When divided into seasonal movements, there were 27 residential, 7 summer visitor and 28 winter visitors recorded. Analysis results showed that over 20 years species richness increased, especially in breeding birds. Also the number of recorded species greatly increased as the course went uphill. From these results, we have come to 2 conclusions 1) It is possible to maintain avifauna diversity of YNS, especially for breeding birds. 2) Survey methods, especially survey course direction, has a strong influence on the number of recorded species. If differences in transect methods are ignored, the yearly changes in species numbers at YNS may be misunderstood.

The results of comparison with molted feathers (2011-2013) and changes in body weight (August 2010-April 2015) in a rescued Japanese Green Pigeon (September 18, 2005) at Wajima City, Ishikawa Prefecture.

1. Each year body weight increased (January to May) and decreased (June to December). Body weight increase began in early February at the rate of +3.3g/month and doubling in May with the largest increase of +7g/month.

2.More body weight gain and a longer body weight increase season occurred when winter temperatures exceeded 20°C.

3.Average yearly body weight changes:Yearly average body weight range: 243g-255g (difference: 12g) Heaviest body weight range: 251g-269g (difference: 18g) Lightest body weight range: 231g-245g (difference: 14g) Yearly body weight change range: 231g-269g (difference: 38g) lightest (January 2012) heaviest (September 2013)

4. Yearly average body weight was 244.4g (2011 and 2012) Largest increae/decrease range was 26.5g. This is a percentage of over 10%.

5. Number of accumulated molted feathers from the entire body (accumulated over 1 year: January-December). 2011: 3,491 feathers 2012: 3,619 feathers 2013: 3,252 feathers About the same number of molted feathers from the entire body was collected in previous surveys (Komatan, Hatanaka 2009).

6.Weight of accumulated molted feathers from the entire body (accumulated over 1 year: January-December). 2011: 25,308mg 2012: 23,137mg 2013: 23,033mg

7. There was not much change in the timing of molt peak (P4, P8) even in years that had large fluctuations in body weight. However, it is thought that during the winters coldest months if the temperatures remained high, molt of the secondaries and body feathers was late due to a subtle deviation in the regular molt.

8. There is a continuous body weight loss rate (lowest weight per month) even before the beginning of the regular molt peak season. There were no other significant decreases observed. On the other hand, weight increase in preparation for migration is thought to occur about 2 months after the molt peak.

9. There is a correlation between day length and body weight increase in the Japanese Green Pigeon. Body weight increase begins in January (day length: 11hrs.5min) and peaks in May (15hrs. 24min).

To survey the changes in avifauna, I recorded vocalizations at fixed point 30 minutes before and after sunrise almost every week for 1 year (45 weeks from July 2014-June 2015) at Oiso hills in Kanazawa Prefecture. I used only data obtained by bird vocalization for analysis. A total of 55 bird species, including introduced species, were observed (daily average = 17 species). The most species were observed in the second half of April (27 species) and the least was in September (5 species).

Start of vocalization according time(1) up to 30 minutes before sunrise: average of 25.4% ofspecies, including nocturnal species, began to vocalize.(2)1 hour sandwiching sunrise: 47.6% of species began to vocalize.(3) 30 minutes after sunrise: 25.4% of species began to vocalize. In the spring there were many diurnal bird species vocalizing (increasing at a rate of 1 species every 3 minutes).

In the autumn there were fewer birds vocalizing (increase rate of 1 species every 8 minutes). The time that diurnal birds being to vocalize varies between species.

Birds that have an annual incidence of 10% or more and start of vocalization half-width is within 10 minutes (in ascending order): Red-billied Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea, Japanese Bush Warbler Cettia diphone Hawfinch Coccothrautes coccothrautes, Brown-eared Bulbul Hypsites amaurotic, Bull-headed Shrike Lanius bucephalus, Hwamei Garrulax canorus, Narcissus Flycatcher Ficedula narcissina. This shows that these species begin to vocalize at a fixed time around sunrise. Birds that have an annual incidence of 10% or more and start of vocalization halfwidth is more than 1 hour (in ascending order): Barn Swallow Hirundo rustic, Japanese Paradis Flycatcher Terpsiphone atrocaudata. Bird species with a start of vocalization half-width larger than 30 minutes: Dusky Thrush Turdus eunomus, Blue-and-White Flycatcher Cyanoptila cyanomelana, Common Buzzard Buteo buteo, Japanese Grosbeak Eophona personata, Meadow Bunting Emberiza cioides. I have shown that the time of first vocalization and time variation between bird species makes it possible to classify them into 3 groups: diurnal visiting species, diurnal resident species and nocturnal species.

Blue Rock Thrush usually breed near coastal areas in Japan. However, this species has bred 6 consecutive years at the Sagamiko Station (JR Chuo Line) located in a mountainous area in Midori-ku, Sagamihara Prefecture. This year one pair raised and fledged 4 chicks. During the breeding season their diet mostly consisted of fairly large species (caterpillar species, centipede species). It is necessary to conduct a comparison survey of coastal areas and the increase of inland breeding.

1. The Russet Sparrow was first sighted in 1983 but in 2005, due to the construction of an industrial park, they stopped appearing.

2.Due to changes in the environment there has been a large decrease in buntings, thrush, herons and skylarks and a large decrease in Rustic Buntings Emberiza rustica, Meadow Buntings Emberiza cioides, Dusky Thrush Turdus naumanni eunomus, Little Egret Egret garzetta and Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis.

3. Due to construction of an industrial park ducks, tits and weavers have increased with an increase in Spoonbill Duck Anas poecilorhyncha, Japanese Tit Parus minor and Tree Sparrow Passer montanus.

4. A reversal in the numbers of White Wagtail Moticilla alba and Japanese Wagtail Motacilla grandis has been observed. Before construction Japanese Wagtail were observed all year long but after construction White Wagtail have increased and breeding has been confirmed.