A marked increase of serum aspartate-transaminase and alanine-transaminase activities was observed in AKR mice with lymphoid leukemia, although the former in normal mice showed a very wide range of variation. In the thymus tissue, aspartate-transaminase activity was elevated in leukemic mice while alanine-transaminase showed no significant change. Enzyme activities measured in the mitochondrial and supernatant fractions of thymus homogenate of an AKR mice showed that thymus transaminase in leukemic mice quantitatively differs from that of normal mice in view of isozyme compositions. Similar changes were also observed in serum and thymus transaminase activities in mice intraperitoneally inoculated with thymic lymphoma cells.
A possible correlationship between activity changes of these enzymes and development of leukemia in AKR mice was discussed.

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The thymus and adrenals of AKR mice are different in weight from those of C3H mice with a low leukemia incidence. These two strains of mice differ in their responses of aspartate-transaminase and alanine-transaminase of serum and thymus tissue to exogeneous cortisone. Cortisone acetate produces a marked increase in alanine-transaminase activity in thymus tissue fragments in vitro, while aspartatetransaminase activity shows no significant changes. Administration of cortisone acetate to mice inoculated with lymphoma cells results in a prolongation of the animals' survival by 18%.

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A simple sensitivity test was introduced to find the clinical indication of drugs to cancer. After obtaining cell suspension of human cancer, the activity of succinic dehydrogenase was observed using 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. This method shows different activities of proposed drugs quantitatively with a small amount of tumor tissue and with a short time of incubation.
Fairly good agreement of the results was observed between the inhibition index of this test in vitro and clinical results of the indicated drugs. The pathological findings and the kinds of tumor did not show any particular relationship with the sensitivity to drugs. Furthermore, the metastatic tumor and normal part of the organ showed almost the same sensitivity to drugs as the original tumor.

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Walker-256 carcinosarcoma transplanted to the cecal wall of rats was found to be an experimental model suitable for studying the effectiveness of a combined use of surgery and chemotherapy in the gastrointestinal cancer in man.
A total of 345 animals were inoculated with Walker-256 carcinosarcoma in the serosal pouch of the cecum. By gross observation at laparotomy on the 11th day after operation, 213 animals were found to be free from distant metastasis and the local tumors were diagnosed as resectable. Cecoappendectomy was performed on 120 such resectable animals. After this operation they were divided into 2 groups, one left untreated and the other treated with intraperitoneal administration of Mitomycin-C starting immediately after the operation. Survival was followed for subsequent 8 weeks. The survival rate was 64% in the postoperative chemotherapy group and 31% in the control group.
Certain experimental data on the extent of spread of cancer in the organs, lymph nodes, and peritoneal cavity were also presented and discussed. Mitomycin-C was effective not only in decreasing liver and lung metastases but also in decreasing lymph-node metastasis and recurrences at the primary site.

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Broiled horse mackerel, roasted barley used for infusion of Mugicha, Shoyu, and caramel were analyzed for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Sixteen kinds of hydrocarbons including those with carcinogenic potency were identified in the fish broiled in a gas broiler but not in the fish broiled in an electric broiler. The smoke generated during broiling, however, was proved to contain many kinds of hydrocarbons including carcinogenic ones, irrespective of the type of broilers used. Raw horse mackerel did not show any detectable amount of hydrocarbons in it. Pyrene and other hydrocarbons including no carcinogenic ones were detected in the roasted barley. Shoyu and caramel were found to be free from such hydrocarbons.

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Host resistance against C-1498 leukemia which originated spontaneously in C57BL mouse was induced in the same strain of mice by pretreatment with spleens from tumor-bearing donors.
Action of the spleens to afford resistance in the secondary hosts increased within a certain period in accordance with the increase in the number of tumor cells metastasized in the spleens.
The spleen cells from tumor-bearing donors did agglutinate on or around the tumor cells in tissue culture as well as those of resistant donors. These spleen cells were thus considered to be immunologically competent.
A possible relationship between the tumor proliferation and the rise of immunological competency of tumor-bearing animals is discussed based on the results of the present study.

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1) Twenty human lung cancers were studied histochemically for the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatse, 5-nucleotidase, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase, lipase, β-glucuronidase, leucine aminopeptidase, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) diaphorase, triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) diaphorase, lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, ethanol dehydrogenase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.
2) Activities of β-glucuronidase, non-specific esterase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase, DPN-diaphorase, and TPN-diaphorase were consistently higher in lung cancer than in normal lung tissues.
3) The enzyme activity was generally higher in adenocarcinomas than in squamous cell and undifferentiated carcinomas. Leucine aminopeptidase, cytochrome oxidase, and succinic dehydrogenase activities were specifically high only in adenocarcinomas.
4) The enzyme patterns of adenocarcinomas resembled those of normal bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium.
5) Leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and β-glucuronidase activities were localized in the stroma adjacent to tumors with invasive characteristics.

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1) Lung tumors induced in mice and rats with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide were examined histochemically for alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase, lipase, β-glucuronidase, leucine aminopeptidase, cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN) diaphorase, triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPN) diaphorase, lactic dehydrogenase, glutamic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, ethanol dehydrogenase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and in some of the animals the serum levels of leucine aminopeptidase and lactic dehydrogenase were also determined.
2) β-Glucuronidase, DPN-diaphorase, TPN-diaphorase, lactic dehydrogenase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were consistently higher in lung tumors of both animals than in normal lung tissues.
3) Leucine aminopeptidase activity in the tumor cells was seen only in the adenomas and adenocacinomas in both animals.
4) In mice, monoamine oxidase, glutamic dehydrogenase, and ethanol dehydrogenase activities were higher in tumors originating in the bronchioles than in tumors originating in the alveoli. They were also higher in the bronchioles than in the alveoli of normal lungs.
5) In rats, alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase activities were higher in adenocarcinomas than in adenomas, and in mice, stromal alkaline phosphatase activity was seen only in adenocarcinomas.
6) In squamous cell carcinomas of rats enzymatic activity was lower than in adenomas and adenocarcinomas.
7) Leucine aminopeptidase and β-glucuronidase activities were localized to the stroma of the tumors, but the former was weaker than in human lung cancers,
8) The serum values of leucine aminopeptidase and lactic dehydrogenase in mice with lung tumors induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide were normal.

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While investigating problems of cancer chemotherapy, it was felt that the concept of lysosomes has to be introduced for the better understanding of the degenerative process in the tumor cells caused by antitumor agents. In order to study the effects of antitumor agents in the lysosomes of Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells, examination was made on whether the acid deoxyribonuclease and acid phosphatase in the cells could satisfy the lysosome concept.
Both free and total activities of acid deoxyribonuclease and acid phosphatase in nuclear fraction, heavy and light sediments of mitochondrial fraction, and supernatant were measured and acid deoxyribonuclease in Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells was proved to have been derived from lysosomes. On the other hand, no clearcut statement could be made that acid phosphatase was located only in the lysosomes.

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Total and free activities of acid deoxyribonuclease and acid phosphatase in Yoshida ascites sarcoma cells were measured after injection of Mitomycin-C in tumor-bearing rats. The free and total activities of acid deoxyribonuclease increased one hour after injection of Mitomycin-C. The increased free activity fell rapidly to control level 3 hours after Mitomycin-C treatment, but increased total activity remained elevated even 15 hours after Mitomycin-C treatment. Similar increases in the activity of acid phosphatase were observed, although not so marked as those of acid deoxyribonuclease. The amount of deoxyribonucleic acid per cell increased after injection of Mitomycin-C compared with that of control.

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Development of urethan-induced thymic lymphoma in the mouse prior to manifestation of the tumor is augmented by gonadectomy in males. Adrenalectomy causes earlier progress of neoplastic changes in the thymus in the early latent period.

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A convenient method for mass culture of ascites tumor cells in usual Erlenmeyer flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer is demonstrated. By this procedure 1 to 2g of tumor cells growing without contamination of blood cells or other ascites cells can be easily obtained, which are useful for biochemical investigation of tumor cells.

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