In the present study, the attitudes toward work of 1,833 female university graduates were examined on following three topics : 1) how preferences regarding patterns of work were changed after starting work : 2) whether preferences for patterns of work were related to aspects of work which were prioritized ; 3) which of the factors affected on feeling of satisfaction regarding one's working life. The main findings were as follows. 1) Comparing preferences for patterns of work immediately after graduation and at the time of survey, fewer subjects favored to continue working while performing domestic duties, but a much greater number of subjects hoped to restarting work after rearing children. 2) Subjects who thought it was ideal to continue working regardless of marriage or childbirth made much of self-development through work. On the other hand, subjects who hoped to leave the work force permanently or for an extended period after marriage or childbirth gave priority to work environment. 3) Having a rich university life, choosing a job by considering self-development through work, and obtaining supportive work environment for worker's self-development were related to a feeling of satisfaction in one's own working life.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate three aspects of self recognitionin career development in childhood. The three aspects were as follows : (1)To recognize one's own merit and demerit. (2)To recognize one's own merit and demerit compared with others. (3)To recognize one's own merit and demerit seen from others. The descriptions were categorized into external characteristics and internal characteristics.Hypothesises of this study were the following two. Hypothesis 1 : The more the number of description about external characteristics decreases, the more the number of description about internal characteristics will increase with aging. Hypothesis 2 : The patterns of the changes of the number of description on the merit will be different from it on the demerit. The interaction between grade and contents of descriptions was shown in every aspects, but didn't completely associate with the hypothesis 1. And Hypothesis 2 was supported. The results suggested are as follows. The way of the changes of the number of description varies with contens of descriptions. The developmental processes varies with either merit descriptions or demerit descriptions. It was found from this study that examining the processes of self recognition in childhood was important for career education in Japanese elementary schools.

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The purpose of this article is (a) to investigate the meaning of an ecological model in learning about career theory and practice, and (b) to explore the impact of school counseling system on career guidance and other related educational activities on the basis of the results obtained from some empirical studies. The implications of the findings for career guidance and counseling are discussed. Here, the ecosystem model is proposed as a means for changing and restructuring school guidance programs. Developing and implementing mental hygiene team, in which teachers, teacher counselors, and school counselors participate as collaborative contributors in helping at-risk students, is also suggested.

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The term of "career counseling" is getting a growing acknowledgement in various sectors of Japanese society. However, it is found that the definition of career counseling is not yet establishited. Rather this term evokes various images in the minds of those who have interest in it, write about it, and practice it. In the United States, career counseling has gotten increased positive attention but there, too, the term has experienced confusion and changes in its meaning and images across time. In order to specify career counseling as a professional process of intervention in career development, firstly the authors attempted to analyse the status quo and the current contents of what is meant by the term of "career counseling" in Japan. Secondly, American experiences in differenciating the concepts of career counseling, career guidance and of vocational guidance were summarized from the perspective of counseling psychology. Finally, through some comparisons with Japanese and American circumstances the authours presented three proposals in order to further develop the career counseling process to meet the expectation of individuals as well as society. Of particular importance is the recommendation that for many individual problems career and personal counseling must fuse.

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