In order to clarify the mechanism of co-creation in music by people from different backgrounds, it is necessary to focus on the relationship between diverse levels of difference and sameness through music. However, previous ethnomusicology claimed that micro differences in sounds and gestures produce a sense of sameness, and failed to capture differences in the context shared by people. After taking this into account and sorting out the problems, a music workshop in “Makoto Nomura Senju Dajare Music Festival” was analyzed. The results showed that the differences in contexts produced differences in recognitions and attitudes toward the situation, and that the music emerged and developed co-creatively through a chain of experimental trials and errors in response to these differences.

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“Kyosei Studies Manifesto” is an anthology in which experts in various fields discuss co-existence, which is closely related to co-creation. In this paper, I show that the core of co-creation can be expressed as Natural Born Intelligence, especially the underlying traumatic structure. After that, I find in the concrete examples discussed in the anthology, Kyosei Studies Manifesto, that such a structure is widely recognized in the field of co-existence. Finally, I show that while co-creation and co-existence have common structure, they also different from each other in the sense that the Cocreationology focuses on “creating” and Kyosei studies focuses on “co-existence with foreign things”, and clarifies the interdependence between the two.

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Following workshops for creative physical expression by people of different ages, genders, disabilities, and experiences of expression, the author attempts to discuss, from the standpoint of those who are actually in the practice, “what the expressive body find in the asynchronous world?”, which is something that does not sufficiently rise to consciousness under the onsite (being in real time) settings but surfaces in it by shifting the method of the workshops from the onsite settings (being in real time) to those of the online (not being in real time). Specifically, during the two-month period from April 2 to May 31, 2020, just prior to the state of emergency to prevent the spread of the new coronavirus infection, the author has examined 174 expressive images that have been exchanged online (not being in real time) among two organizations based in Tokyo and Miyagi Prefecture and people involved in those groups. In this practice, based on the author's own body in the practice, the author has examined the things that comes to her consciousness with the three keywords of “the dynamics of psychological time,” “the pre-sensory,” and “indeterminacy” in mind. As a result, it becomes clear that the expressive body continues to generate new expressions by sensing the dynamics of psychological time and the resonance of body and mind, by acting in accordance with the pre-sensory state in relation to others and the environment, and by seeking indeterminacy while feeling various emotions.

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