Public transport passengers are assumed to choose routes that minimise the expected travel times. In networks with high-frequency services this requires the adoption of hyperpaths. An experimental validation of the hyperpath model has been carried out through a web-based survey. Findings of previous work on the survey are compared with a new cluster analysis of travellers’ behaviour as reported by respondents in the stated preference section of the survey. Results show that the behaviour usually assumed in transit models is not the most common approach to route choice in transit network. Implications for transit assignment models are discussed.

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In this study, a novel approach incorporating a two-stage prediction model with an integrated algorithm is proposed to estimate freeway dynamic origin-destination (O-D) matrices. The two-stage prediction model uses growing hierarchical self-organizing map (GHSOM) to extract clusters of traffic patterns and then uses genetic programming (GP) to predict the on-ramp traffic flow in each cluster. The integrated algorithm combines cell transmission model (CTM) with extended Kalman filtering (EKF) to estimate the arrival distributions and the O-D proportions. To demonstrate the proposed approach, a field study of on-ramp traffic patterns on a freeway stretch is examined. The results show that the proposed approach can accurately predict the traffic and satisfactorily estimate the O-D proportions along the freeway stretch.

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This paper examines the reliability-based stochastic transit assignment problem with elastic demand. A Variational Inequality (VI) model for this problem is developed. The VI model considers capacity, waiting time and in-vehicle travel time as stochastic variables, and includes Spiess and Florian’s (1989) and de Cea and Fernandez’s (1993) models as special cases. A reliability-based stochastic user equilibrium condition is defined to capture the route choice behavior of passengers. To illustrate the properties of the VI model, numerical studies were conducted on de Cea and Fernandez’s (1993) network. The studies also show that Spiess and Florian’s and de Cea and Fernandez’s models can overestimate the system performance substantially.

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In this paper we consider a capacitated single allocation p-hub median problem (CSApHMP). We determine the location of p hubs, the allocation of non-hub nodes to hubs in the network. This problem is formulated as 0-1 integer programming model with the objective of the minimum total transportation cost and the fixed cost associated with the establishment of hubs. Optimal solutions are obtained using Gurobi optimizer for the small sized problems. Since the CSApHMP is NP-hard, it is difficult to obtain optimal solution within a reasonable computational time. Therefore, a Lagrangian relaxation (LR) heuristic is developed to solve the problem. The LR performance is examined through a comparative study. The experimental results show that the proposed LR heuristic can be a viable solution method for the capacitated hub and spoke network design problem.

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Container trailer traffic in road transport has increased with use of maritime containers in international trade. Smoothing large truck traffic, such as container trailers, is necessary in order to strengthen the nation’s international competitiveness, but their movement has not been examined yet. Using data from electronically processed traffic applications of large vehicles, this study has simulated their nationwide routes, particularly for international maritime container trailers, in order to analyze travel conditions and route-choice behavior. We have identified locations with high traffic of international maritime containers and have analyzed the effects of road structure on the route-choice behavior of container trailers. A route-choice model to maximize the overlap ratio of routes on applications and estimated routes was then established using the route-choice model for international maritime container trailers. Finally, this study has examined the effects of road measures such as development of the road network and improvement of intersections.

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This paper proposes a new two-phase hybrid metaheuristic for vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW). The first phase is to minimize the number of routes by means of variable neighborhood search algorithm, while the second phase is mainly aimed at minimizing the total travel distance using tabu search algorithm. Three neighborhood search operators (All-exchange, All-2-opt, All-crossexchange) and two local serarch operators (All-relocate and ejection chain) are designed. To further lower the number of vehicles, the sum-of-squares route sizes is maximized in the first phase. A comparative test is implemented by our algorithm on the basis of 56 benchmark problems proposed by Solomon (1987), the mean number of vehicles and running time of this algorithm is very competitive comparing to previous metaheuristics, showing that the new two-phase hybrid metaheuristic is effective and fast.

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Due to the advancement of information and communication, city logistics operations could be designed more efficiently, especially for on-line requests. This research proposes an on-line algorithm to consider new requests and real-time traffic conditions for signal repair problems. The research framework includes two parts, off-line route planning and on-line route updating. The off-line problem is solved through a time-dependent mathematical formulation and the CPLEX solver. The on-line algorithm is constructed based on two heuristic approaches, the INTERVAL strategy and the Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm. The INTERVAL strategy considers new demands at appropriate intervals, while the SA algorithm is applied to generate the best service route. Numerical experiments through the simulation-assignment model, DynaTAIWAN, are conducted to illustrate the algorithm. The results describe that positive benefit, about 13.4% of reduction in the total completion time, is achieved when comparing with empirical data in a real city network.

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To serve elderly and disabled people, developing Demand Responsive Transit Service (DRTS) with flexible routes and changeable schedules is an important work. The dial-a-ride systems are the one of practical applications of the DRTS. Although many literatures develop an algorithm to improve the computing time to obtain acceptable solution under the minimum operational cost, the influence of the time window and the traffic condition for DARP is seldom to discuss. The aim of this paper is to explore the influence of the time window and the traffic condition and apply branch-and-price approach to design vehicle routes and schedule. The proposed algorithm is tested by a sub-network of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. In the numerical experiments, several scenarios with the different time window are conducted and evaluate experimental results by objective value, computational time, average pickup delay time and average delivery delay time.

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Vehicle routing problem with soft time windows and simultaneous pickups and deliveries (VRPSTWSPD), which illustrates a class of distribution and routing systems of convenience store industry, is introduced. The VRPSTWSPD is a novel variant, where it combines characteristics of two existing variants in the literature. A mathematical model of the VRPSTWSPD is first developed in the paper. A branch-and-price exact-based procedure with a two-stage subproblem solution algorithm for solving small-sized instances is then described, followed by an efficient genetic algorithm metaheuristic-based procedure taking into account intermediate infeasible search strategy, which is more adequate for larger instances. Both solution algorithms were successfully tested on benchmark instances. The exact solutions can be used as references to evaluate the performances of the proposed genetic algorithm.

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Humanitarian logistics has gain attention as an important tool in disaster management. We propose a network design for relief distribution under several uncertain parameters based on robust optimization. The model has the solution robustness and model robustness properties. Furthermore, we present a methodology to reduce the number of variables when an equality constraint and objective function contain same variables. Our model attempts to minimize total cost of the system as well as the variance of total cost. We examine a case study on the earthquake scenarios in Bangladesh to show the applicability of the model. Our findings show that the model is robust in relief distribution planning. We analyze sensitivity of several parameters and compare several models to show the superiority of stochastic model.

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The paper aims to examine the impacts of traffic accessibility on house price. It introduces variables of inner-city accessibility and inter-city accessibility to represent traffic accessibility and calculates the zone’s traffic accessibility using spatial interaction model. The paper does curve fitting taking house price as dependent variable in order to reveal the spatial variation characteristics of the house price in the condition of differences of traffic accessibility. The paper chooses the city of Shenyang as an example to study. The paper finds that the impact of inter-city accessibility is greater than inner-city accessibility by curve fitting. Furthermore, the inner-city accessibility may have a negative impact on housing price although the influence is little. Whereas the improvements of the inter-city accessibility will contribute to the rising of the housing price, which is consistent with the common sense.

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There has been an increasing interest in land use and transportation interaction in the past decades. Many substantial attempts have been made to empirically investigate the connection among those impacts can be interpreted in developed countries, yet few attempts in developing countries. The paper examines residential location choice behavior using a sample of households where their workplace is in the CBD of Bangkok Metropolitan Region. A stated preference approach will be employed, where each of a respondent is asked to imagine moving to a new location. Discrete choice models, i.e., rank-ordered logit (ROL) and rank-ordered nested logit (RONL) will be applied to treat the residential location choice behavior. The results confirm the applicability of the ROL and RONL models and support similar behavioral interpretations from other empirical studies in the residential location choice literature. This information is important for suggesting appropriate policy such as promote urban rail transit use.

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Abstract: In regions of Japan, in small, low-density communities that have inadequate public transport services, the lack of support systems for persons of limited mobility is emerging as a social issue. To complement this, this study focuses on volunteer-based dynamic ridesharing. In this paper, the feasibility of ridesharing is analyzed by pre-survey data and the availability is examined through a field experiment. The pre-survey showed that the field suited the ridesharing experiment, due to some results of a proper proportion between demanders and suppliers for rideshare, and a synchronicity of trip destinations and travel times, etc.. The experiment, however, revealed issues such as worry and hesitation of volunteer-based suppliers who have no opportunity to match other demanders except stable-matching pairs, incentives for their participation and their reservation, and sudden cancellation of the suppliers at the matching locations after their reservations. This paper describes improvements of the proposed ridesharing system.

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After the Tohoku Earthquake, the concept of urban resilience has been discussed widely in Japan. Resilient cities cannot be realized without considering energy and natural disaster risks. In this paper several land-use scenarios are used for the Tokyo Metropolitan Area in 2050 using a land-use model considering these two aspects. These scenarios consider the co-benefits of [i] change of urban form (compact city), [ii] adaptation to flooding risks, and [iii] diffusion of electric vehicles (EVs) and solar photovoltaic (PV) panels. Also, in this paper the effects of emission factor change on direct/indirect CO₂ emissions due to the shutdown of nuclear power plants after the earthquake are analyzed. The results suggest that the diffusion of PVs is more important in the non-nuclear world to reduce CO₂ emissions, and that EVs still can contribute to CO₂ emission reduction despite changes in emission factor. Also, compact urban form can effectively reduce CO₂ emissions.

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This study examines economic impact of tourism interaction on regions in Japan. We construct models that can grasp amount of inflow of tourism interaction and amount of tourism consumption as a direct economic impact of tourism interaction on regions. A tourism inflow model can express the difference between tourism factors of overnight trip and day trip. Tourism consumption per person in a destination region can be expressed by using attractiveness and geographical condition of the region as a tourism consumption model. From these models, it is quantitatively clarified that, as well as increasing an attractiveness of a region, improving information content and facilities of that region in addition to traffic convenience are important to promote internal tourism. Also, we examined the influence of improvement of information provision on tourism consumption and tourism inflow of a region by way of a simulation.

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Transport planning is now a core subject in most undergraduate and postgraduate urban planning degrees in Asia and Australasia. But there is little guidance on what should be taught to urban planning students, or how learning is best achieved. This paper reports on research into best practice approaches, using a review of past research, a scoping of courses at Tongji University, China and at the University of Queensland and Griffith University in Australia, and the experiences of lecturers in these planning schools. Learning objectives for the field are advanced. Key concepts for transport and land use planning curricula are identified. Issues include better integrating planning theory, teaching a select set of key concepts, and imparting practical transport data skills. Innovative fieldwork exercises and assessment are introduced. Current guidance from education authorities and accreditation agencies in China and Australia are at odds with best practice, suggesting a need for reform.

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The rapid growth of car use in Asian developing countries causes a variety of problems, such as traffic congestion and increasing environmental damage. The delay of railway introduction is one of the factors for the progress of motorization in each city. This study quantitatively examined the impact on motorization of early urban railway development in Asian developing mega-cities. The impact is modeled using data of metropolises in Japan, China and Thailand. By applying the model to scenarios on railway development in mega-cities of Asian developing countries, the impact of railway development timing is revealed.

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Prediction of tsunami inundation area was announced in Hokkaido on June 28^th, 2012. Local governments reconsider tsunami prevention. Countermeasures of tsunami prevention are divided by non-structural measures including tsunami hazard map and structural measures including seawall. However, the priority of order is not clear among those countermeasures. The governments cannot decide a policy of tsunami prevention in the future. For this reason, the aim of this study is to propose the suitable countermeasure according to the needs of the people by applying prospect theory. As a result of questionnaire survey in Kushiro city, when non-structural measures and structural measures are improved, non-structural measures are more important than structural measures. Meanwhile, when non-structural measures and structural measures are nothing, these measures don’t have difference. That is, the countermeasures which inhabitants want to improve are non-structural measures. However, structural measures should be satisfied with the minimal role for inhabitants.

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Japan has entered to the era of population decline. The purpose of this study is to estimate the distribution of the zones are classified by cluster analysis based on the population and the number of people in house from 2010 to 2035 for Obihiro urban area that is a local city of Hokkaido in Japan by the generation constitution of the residents in each the zone and the distribution of building age. In this study, therefore, the population data which is published by Obihiro city government and the statistic data from the basic survey of urban planning were integrated. And the distribution of future population was estimated by the cohort analysis. In addition, the relation of spatial distribution of population and the building age in the future was analyzed. Finally, by the result of the extracted districts from the future population decline and aging buildings distribution, the direction of the renovation of Obihiro urban area was considered.

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Urban policies are considered important measures for mitigating global warming. They are estimated to have a substantial positive impact on CO₂ emissions from urban activities, owing to changes in the behavior of actors in the urban system. This means that urban mitigation policies would also affect the quality of life of urban residents. The impact of urban policies should therefore be assessed with regards to both CO₂ emissions and sustainability. This study demonstrates the applicability of a land-use transport model to urban mitigation policy assessment. First, we develop a model in which actors’ location decisions and travel behavior are explicitly formulated. Second, this model is applied to two urban policies, road pricing and land-use regulation, to assess their long-term impact on CO₂ emissions and sustainability. The study verifies that the developed model has the capacity, under assumed conditions, to consistently assess urban policies regarding CO₂ emissions and sustainability.

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Bearing in mind that people may have rational expectations conditional on current information, this paper provides additional insights about the influences of current neighbourhood characteristics on household residential location choice behaviour from such a perspective by comparing actual choices and subjective expectations. Using data in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2005 and multinomial logit models, it is found that current neighbourhood characteristics surely influence subjective expectations for the future residential location, but the influences are different from those on actual choices in the sense that signs and/or magnitudes of parameters of some specific neighbourhood characteristics change significantly. With the above results, it is concluded that subjective expectations in the research of residential location choice behaviour should be paid more attention.

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This study develops a multiobjective programming model for airline flight frequency determination and adjustment responsive to European Union airline emission charges, to determine the operational strategies in airline flight frequencies, routing, aircraft emission reduction, and aircraft re-assignment. The multiobjective programming model systematically minimizing the total emission charges, the total airline operating costs, and the total passenger generalized costs was formulated. The demand-supply interaction for airline flight frequency determination resulted from the changes in passenger demand was formulated. This study proposes an algorithm to solve the airline flight frequency multiobjective programming problem with demand-supply interactions. An example with selected airline flight network was provided to illustrate the results of the proposed models. The numerical results explored the effect of airline emissions charges on airline flight frequencies and aircraft type assignment. The results also provide higher flexibility on decision-making for airline flight frequency determination in response to airline emission charges.

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Index decomposition methods have been widely used for quantitative identification of historical trends in factors related to changes in objective variables when examining environmental and energy issues; however, index decomposition methods have been rarely used for projecting carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. A method, called Modified Laspeyres Index method for Projection (PMLI method), was developed for projecting CO₂ emissions from car travel using index decomposition techniques. CO₂ emissions from Japanese passenger cars up to 2020 were then projected by using this method. The CO₂ emissions in 2020 will decrease to the 1990 level on the basis of the trends in factors observed over the period 2001 to 2005. Decreases in travel distance per passenger car in use and improvement of actual road fuel efficiency per average car weight will primarily induce these decreases. The PMLI method could be utilized in the construction of scenarios for reducing CO₂ emissions from car travel.

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This paper investigates the effects of road hump on traffic volume and noise level in a residential area in Kuala Lumpur. Field surveys were administered to measure data on traffic volume and noise level at three selected roads at Taman Keramat residential area in Kuala Lumpur. Measurement on noise levels such as L_Aeq, L_AFmax, and L_AFmin and traffic volume were undertaken for about 12 hours. The findings show that the highest traffic volume (563 vehicles per hour) and the highest noise level (75dB(A)) was measured at Road 1. The correlation analysis indicates a similar pattern in the relationship between traffic volume and noise level especially at Road 2 and Road 3. Finally, this paper concludes in drawing attention to conduct further studies on the effects of road humps in other residential areas in Kuala Lumpur to implement measures for a pleasant, harmonious and safe living environment for the community.

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A life cycle assessment (LCA) framework is applied to evaluate environmental load from road transport systems, including infrastructure and vehicle travel. The results indicate that reductions in the environmental load from improvements in vehicle fuel consumption are greater than the increases due to infrastructure construction and induced traffic, resulting in an overall reduction in the environmental load. This framework provides important results as follows: 1) evaluation of the uncertainty of diffusion of low-CO₂ vehicles and changes in traffic demand, 2) evaluation boundaries that are defined for each scope and definitions of boundaries change the interpretation and uncertainty of the results, and 3) sensitivity analyses test and provide a description of the uncertainty. This framework is applied to the removal of a railway crossing by constructing an elevated track and analyzes the resulting change in CO₂ emissions.

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Ecodrive or Ecodriving technique is a prearranged driving style that drivers can use to optimize vehicle fuel economy and reduce CO2 emissions in the environment. This study investigates the effects of the Ecodrive program of candidate drivers in Manila. It particularly compares the resulting engine power, fuel consumption flow rate, fuel economy and speed values during normal driving and Ecodriving conditions alongside the driving mode operations: cruise, deceleration, acceleration and idling. This study also enumerates in detail the outcome of the training day and real-world driving conditions of the thirty drivers. The study has successfully demonstrated that Ecodriving significantly affected driver’s driving operations and fuel consumption values. The results of the study revealed that Ecodriving improved driver’s driving operations during the training day and the real-world driving condition.

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The present paper aims to analyze the characteristics of motorcycle emission levels in Makassar City, Indonesia. Some motorcycle characteristics such vehicle age, engine size, traveled distance, and brands are explored. The study uses data of the motorcycle emission test results from I/M (Inspection and Maintenance) program in the city during 2010-2012. In analyzing the influence of the characteristics on the motorcycle emission, we develop the probability failure of the motorcycle emission test using binomial logit model. Regarding the model result, the study continues to develop a relationship model between the significant characteristics and the motorcycle emission levels using regression models. The results show that the motorcycle age is the significant variable in the logit model. Further, the polynomial regression model orde-3 shows that the CO and HC emission levels increase in following the motorcycle age increasing. The results provide an expectation in developing motorcycle emission prediction model in further studies.

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Recreational cycling facilities are gaining increased attention with regard to the creation of social infrastructure and sustainable development in Taiwan. Cycling routes are fast becoming a major tourist attraction in both urban areas and the countryside. In response, governmental institutions have to determine the most effective means to evaluate and select new routes. In addition, they must allocate resources for this development, despite budgetary restrictions and considerations of availability. This study applies Fuzzy Delphi Method to identify the criteria for the evaluation of cycling routes in the Hsinchu Technopolis with the support of two other methodologies: the Analytic Network Process, which helps to determine the weight of importance for routes, and Zero One Goal Programming that helps to find investment solutions for the routes, once identified. The research results illustrate the utility of the combined use of these three methodological instruments as they pertain to governmental decision making processes.

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The first introduction of urban railway in Bangkok, Thailand, is believed to have a significant influence on residents’ spatial and travel behavior decisions. Whether or not it has become a major determinant of people to choose to live near the railway corridor as well as to commute to work by this mode should be examined. This paper aims to investigate the factors involved in household choices decisions of multi-worker households who are more constrained in selecting residential location, workplace location and travel choice than one-worker households, with particular emphasis on the role of transport factors. The discrete choice modeling is used to explore to what extent the transport factors in terms of each worker’s commuter cost and time affect their choices decisions as compared to other factors. Model estimation reveals that, rather than transport factors, socio-demographic status is found to play a significant role in explaining their decision mechanism.

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One of the service quality indicators for urban rail transit system is the service evaluation from a passenger’s viewpoint. The key objective of service quality analysis is to improve services such that user expectations and needs can be met. This study aims to analyze customer satisfaction of Bangkok’s mass rapid transit (MRT) system. Data was collected from 661 respondents by means of questionnaire survey. Based on 31 service quality attributes, relationships between the overall customer satisfaction and service quality attributes are analyzed using factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Results indicate that travel convenience is the most significant factor affecting the overall satisfaction. Other factors include transit fare, service and information, cleanliness and safety, transit facilities, and access/egress to stations. Furthermore, market segmentation analysis reveals distinct findings across four categories of MRT users. It is expected that results can be used to enhance the overall performance of urban rail system.

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In this paper, data from an on-site survey in Seoul, Korea and the microscopic traffic simulation are used to evaluate the performances of Bus Rapid Transit bus stops operated on different placements to their nearest traffic signals: far-side, and near-side. The influence of Bus Priority Signal Systems is also analyzed. The results reveal that a near-side bus stop performs better under the current ordinary signal control situation. However, the performance of a far-side bus stop can be improved more significantly by the adoption of a Bus Priority Signal System and becomes even better (-13.3% average value and -22.2% range of bus travel times) than a near-side bus stop especially under a more congested traffic demand. The results are applicable not only for the practical choice of the placements of new bus stops, but also for improving the existing ones.

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A significant proportion of bus travel time is contributed by bus dwell time for passenger boarding and alighting. This paper reports an investigation conducted on approximation and short-term prediction of bus dwell time based on historical AVL data collected from selected bus routes in Auckland, New Zealand. Three distribution functions including normal, lognormal and Wakeby distribution functions were assessed to approximate the distribution of bus dwell time. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) is assessed for the first time to make a short-term prediction of bus dwell time. Wakeby distribution outperformed the most commonly used distribution function namely lognormal distribution to approximate the dwell time for both peak and off-peak periods while ARIMA performed reasonably well for a short-term prediction of the dwell time.

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A comparative evaluation examines alternate planning, operational and design options for Bus Rapid Transit Systems. Quantified performance results for different indicators for various planning and design configurations are generated using a spreadsheet tool. Sixteen theoretical configurations, two standard designs in varying contexts and two currently operational design variations are compared. Results show that bus operational speeds in open systems are approximately 25% less than those in closed systems. However, high operational speeds do not help offset passenger transfer delays for short trips. Open systems provide higher passenger speeds than closed bus operations for trip length less than 10km. Restricting peak bus speed to less than 40km/h for safety considerations does not hamper passenger or operational performance.

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In Japan, many local governments have recently introduced a “Community-bus” for purposes of ensuring mobility for residents, reducing the areas without public transportation services and so on. Although the bus-location system is demanded for raising the level of bus service, it is practically difficult for a local government to introduce the bus location system because of the expense to introduce and even operate the system continuously. We therefore develop a simple bus location system with a smartphone and construct a web page to provide regional information with real-time bus information. Then, we grasp the effects of providing the bus and regional information on passengers’ consciousness by a questionnaire. As a result, it is found that the regional information added on the bus information obviously effects the motivation of going out. Moreover, there is also possibility of providing regional information with real-time bus information to promote bus usage.

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Bus management is facing increasingly serious challenges every year, and the execution of efficient bus management is a pressing issue for municipalities and transportation operators. This research performed an analysis of efficiency using a network data envelopment analysis method by using the Tomakomai city bus routes as a model case, with the aim of structuring bus route management from the perspectives of optimizing route arrangement and attracting customers. Regarding the efficiency of route arrangement in particular, this research is characteristic in that it evaluated bus routes taking into account access to hospitals and commercial facilities.

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This study discusses the usefulness of a community cafe as a bus waiting place in local community, depopulated area in Japan. The idea is that passengers can wait comfortably for a bus at a community cafe even when financial constraints have caused the waiting time to increase as a result of reductions in transportation service frequency. To analyze the relationship between passenger’s satisfaction with bus transportation when a community cafe is used as a bus waiting place, a multiattribute utility function (MUF) and orthogonal arrays were used. The analysis shows that the utility function scores for factor combinations such as community cafe as a bus waiting place and either longer waiting time, or higher bus fare are higher than those for the combinations of canopied shelter with seats and either shorter waiting time or lower bus fare.

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Quality plays an important role in the market-oriented economy and the success of any transit system depends upon its quality of service. Since, the demand for transit is quite high in comparison with the supply in most of the Indian cities; quite often the level of service is not given a priority by the service providers. However, to improve the quality of service, it is necessary to identify the parameters to be considered important by the commuters for knowing their satisfaction levels for the present service. This paper is focused on the results based on the observations made through reveled preference (RP) survey to evaluate the quality of service.The model uses various Multi criteria decision making tools such as Numerical rating approach; Fuzzy set approach, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and AHP Fuzzy. The results from different approaches are compared and justified for their appropriate use.

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Our previous study showed that the current paratransit systems are not socially sustainable. In this study, it is aimed to clarify how the improvement of paratransit service affects drivers’ quality of life (QOL). This was done by integrating the optimization results of a paratransit system (i.e., angkot) from a bi-level optimization model and the QOL evaluation results from a simultaneous-equation ordered probit model by using data collected in Bandung, Indonesia. As a result, it is found that minimizing the total cost of paratransit operation and users does not necessarily increase the operation frequency and total distance traveled for all routes, and the level of paratransit service surely affects drivers’ QOL; however, improved paratransit services do not always improve drivers’ QOL. It is concluded that driver’s QOL needs to be reflected in decisions on paratransit operation.

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This study aims to clarify the attitudes of jeepney passengers in Metro Manila to clarify the perceptions towards the different perspectives of the levels of services, not only fare or time but also security and familiarity, to clarify the behavioral intentions under the situations that could be occurred in future, and to compare the perceptions and behavioral intentions among different lifestyles of passengers. The definition of lifestyle in this study is the one that is derived from personal conditions such as ways of thinking and sense of value. Most paratransit modes in developing countries, same as jeepneys, are operated by flexible operation with midsize vehicles, which can meet the specific needs of the passengers, however, these characteristics can be hardly identified only by common quantitative and objective indices, such as amount of fares, travel time or waiting time. This study focuses people’s attitudes which are asked by perceptions and behavioral intentions based on the social-psychological approach for evaluating partransit modes. Perceptions and behavioral intentions of passengers are measured by interview based questionnaire survey considering behavioral background and lifestyles of the respondents.

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User focused pedestrian facility planning requires an understanding of pedestrian behavior and needs. Analysis presented here has considered user attributes primarily from the point of view of stage of life of the person. User needs have been measured through responses to ten opinion statements. The primary field survey was conducted in Japan, in five cities of different sizes. A secondary survey was performed in Sydney, Australia for comparison purposes. Analysis has shown the viability of using different indicators to designate the stage of life. It is also shown that a bipartition classification is suited to explain how pedestrian needs related to shortness of paths and pleasantness of walking space as individuals go through phases of their life.

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Although bicycles in Japan are widely used for going to school, shopping and so on, satisfaction levels of cyclists for the condition of streets are not high. This is because most bicycle space is shared with pedestrians. The aim of this study is to find evaluation factors from a viewpoint of bicycles’ perception by monitoring cycling behavior using a Probe Bicycle System. The Probe Bicycle developed in this study can automatically measure and record speed, braking, steering, lateral distance, and vibration using electric sensors. In addition, apparent traffic density in front of a bicycle can be checked by video recorder. By carrying out experiments on various types of streets in Japan, France and China, the relationship between perception and behavior is analyzed. As a result, the authors developed evaluation models using measurement of braking, vertical vibration, speed, steering and so on.

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Nowadays, various signalized intersections with bicycle lanes designs are available for implementation. However, no safety comparisons have been made between these various designs. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the various designs available. In this study, intersection designs from Western countries are investigated to determine the safety measures available. Then the safety and comfort are compared with left-hooks being focused. Five patterns were selected including (1) Mixed traffic with left-turning motorist; (2) Left-turn in the intersection for motorist; (3) Bicycle signal; (4) Advanced stop lines for bicycles; and (5) Bicycle box. The five intersection patterns were prepared at an experiment site, and human subjects consisting bicyclist and motorist were traveled on the specified route freely. Questionnaire surveys and video observations were used for data analyses. The results show that (1) Mixed traffic with left-turning motorist is the safest and (3) Bicycle signal is the most comfortable intersection design.

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Walking is the most sustainable and most used mode of transportation in Indian cities. From 2006-2009, an estimated 8503 fatalities in road traffic crashes occurred in Delhi in which pedestrians contribute almost 51%. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of utilizing geographic information systems (GIS) in identifying pedestrian accident-prone locations. Crash data were geocoded in ArcGIS over the digitized road map of Delhi. Results highlighted four pedestrian fatal hotspot locations in Delhi. Fatal pedestrian accidents were significantly clustered (p<0.05) over the Ring Road of Delhi at intersections. The analysis showed that the pedestrian fatalities at arterial road intersections involving cars and buses were 27% and 14% of all fatalities involving cars and buses respectively.

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This study investigates the influence of lifestyle of individuals on their walking behavior and their expectations from pedestrian infrastructure. This project is part of a series of studies looking into region specific characteristics of pedestrian behavior. Part of the challenge during this project has been to identify attributes that relate to lifestyle of individuals and collection of relevant data. Large part of the data collection has been carried out over five urban areas in Japan and a supplementary survey has been carried out in Sydney, Australia. The survey has focused on eight lifestyle indicators and ten attitudinal questions related to walking and experience with pedestrian facilities. Statistical analysis and correspondence analysis technique applied in this project have revealed that lifestyle attributes and regional characteristics both have to be considered to obtain an accurate picture of pedestrian attitudes. Some implications of relevance to the planning community have been mentioned.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between psychological factors and walking behavior in order to provide evidence supporting the implementation of measures for behavioral change for the success of urban planning initiatives. The acceptable walking distance is selected as an intermediate variable between psychological factors and actual walking distance. The results indicate that increasing the acceptable walking distance has the potential to stimulate pedestrians to increase the amount of walking. Also, an ordered probit model has indicated that psychological factors have a significant influence on the acceptable walking distance. It is able to identify a sequence of cause and effect where psychological factors would first influence acceptable walking distance and then the acceptable walking distance would influence pedestrian walking distance. A policy of applying soft measures such as psychological strategies to increase the pedestrian output is supported by the findings of this project work.

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Bus dwell time is one of the important factors that could influence the bus transit system’s level of service. It is also an important input for planning and modeling of bus transit system. The objective of this study comes in three-fold. First, it aims to investigate the possible factors that affect the dwell time variability. Second, it intends to find the best statistical distribution that could be adopted to explain and describe the dwell time variability. Third, it aims to develop regression models to understand the degree of influence for each considered factor. Statistical modeling approach is adopted with the aid of statistical software. Dwell time data is collected from 20 bus stops in Klang Valley region, Malaysia using the video recording technique. Results show that the dwell time is influenced by the time of day, payment method, time of the day, and platform crowding level.

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Van service in Bangkok City has gained immense popularity in a very short time but recently has acquired the reputation of unsafe travel mode due to the alarming number of accidents and harassment incidents in the past two years. This paper aims to explore perception of van users regarding service quality, safety and security of van service of Bangkok City involving questionnaire survey. The sample data showed that people are least satisfied about waiting area condition, inadequate punishment for the drivers and pickpocket and high jacking incidents during their travel by van. This study found that perception regarding service quality, safety and security differs with demographic characteristics. Users blame poor road condition and inadequate laws over driver behavior for the accidents. It also concluded that even though passengers are not satisfied with safety and security condition of van service, they still prefer this mode because of the ticket collection system, travel time and cost of travel.

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Determination of neutral plane position is the key in the analysis of bi-layer cement concrete slab on Winkler foundation; however, there are no solutions for it when the interface of bi-layer slab is semi-bonded. Based on the Kirchhoff hypotheses, a coefficient c was introduced to characterize the interface condition and the equation of neutral plane was formulated in this paper. The change of position of the neutral plane for the bi-layer semi-bonded slab was investigated. In addition, the ratio of the stress distribution along the depth is derived, which is of great importance in the design of bi-layer cement concrete pavements.

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Due to the demand of road infrastructure increases in Indonesia, it needs an alternative technology of road construction having economically, effectively and efficiently method. Reused (recycled) the existing old pavement materials may be one solution. It is expected repairing and improving structural capacity of pavement. This study is intended to reuse the recycled asphalt (RAP) in the Hot-mix Recycled Asphalt, namely HMRA. The recycled asphalt (RAP) used in HRMA was restricted to 7.5% and 10% by weight. In each HMRA mix an asphalt Pen60/70 and polymer Elvaloy® was added. The main laboratory works consist of Marshall Standard, Marshall Immersion test, Resilient Modulus Test and Wheel Tracking test. In General, the results of this research showed that the RAP materials can be used as alternative materials in Hot-mix Recycled Asphalt (HMRA), but the percentage of RAP was varied depend on the RAP’s quality.

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Rediset is a chemical warm mix asphalt additive that can reduce the viscosity of asphalt binder at a given temperature, hence reducing the mixing and compaction temperatures of asphalt mixes. This paper evaluates the viscosity, rutting and fatigue parameters of conventional asphalt binder blended with 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% Rediset using the Rotational Viscometer and the Dynamic Shear Rheometer. In addition, aging factors were calculated to evaluate binder properties under unaged and short-term aged conditions. Statistical analyses of the data showed that using Rediset to decrease the viscosity of the asphalt binder at high temperatures does not adversely effects the fatigue and rutting behavior of the asphalt binder subjected to different aging conditions.

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