The location of facilities and mode choice have complex relationships, which makes difficult to understand the factors shaping urban form. This research provides quantified evidence on the association between the agglomeration of commercial facilities and car dependency. This study defines the agglomeration index as a ratio of the average Euclidian distance between commercial facilities and public facilities in a city, given the assumption that agglomeration phenomena would not exist for certain types of public facilities (schools and hospitals in the empirical analysis). The empirical results conducted for 69 Japanese cities show that there is no significant association between agglomeration and car dependency, which is not consistent with our initial expectation. We discuss the possible reasons behind it.

The number of inbound tourists in Hokkaido is increasing annually due to tourism promotions and policies, including unique terrain, natural eco-tourism, and outdoor activities. The attractive destinations and journeys information can assemble to predict traveler mobility. Distance and travel times affect travel behaviors in Hokkaido; also, most of the attraction locations are in the countryside and away from the city center. Hence, travel patterns are considered to maintain and improve the tourism atmosphere. In this research, travel patterns analyzed employing Wi-Fi probe data, which was collected in Asahikawa and Furano tourism areas. First, fundamental analysis was conducted at each spot. Next, the three indicators support, confidence, and lift parameters were calculated using the Apriori algorithm, which generally is used in marketing purposes. The results, the usefulness of association rule mining calculation provided rules of the transaction of migration travel characteristics — sequential travel patterns illustrated to identifying significant location toward sustainable tourism development.

Mobile phone and social media networks are generating a massive amount of datasets that contain human social interacting activities and mobility information. Cell phones and mobile networks can consider as digital footprints of the people under mobile sensing technology. This paper aims to present a method to classify land use types based on mobile call activities computed from Call Detail Records (CDRs). In this paper, mobile calls are aggregated by Base Transceiver Station (BTS) at one-hour intervals and clustered using kmeans clustering method. According to clustering method, four land use types in eight clusters are generated, named as industrial areas, mixed land use areas, residential in urbanized area and periphery area. The development of land use map was validated with map of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) survey. This map will help to urban and city planners to build a sustainable urban environment as a case of Yangon City.

In the current study, a comparative analysis was made between pedestrian flow characteristics over four skywalk facilities under different land use types in the city of Mumbai, India. Videography technique was used to collect data from Andheri (commercial), Ghatkopar (residential), Vile Parle (shopping) and Santa Cruz (educational) skywalks, and fundamental relationships were plotted between speed-density and speed-flow rate. Results showed that majority of the pedestrians using the facilities were male pedestrians in the age group of 23-45 years. Statistical tests (t-test and ANOVA single factor test) performed showed that gender, group size and mobile phone usage had significant effect on the walking speed. The maximum observed field density (of 1.6 ped/m²) and maximum flow rate (of 103 ped/min/m) was observed in Andheri (commercial) site. The current study can be extended for developing microscopic models, which can be used for developing capacity and level of service values for skywalk systems.

This study aimed to grasp the consciousness of neighborhood store managers regarding the activities popularly required by roadside station users, to clarify problems related to this issue, and to consider countermeasures for regional revitalization. The required activities included providing information about neighborhood stores, on-site sales services, and issuing coupon tickets. An attitude survey of the neighborhood stores showed that their participation experience strongly influenced their intention to participate in such activities. Based on these results, we proposed periodic meetings and support systems run by advisors who could provide advice regarding ways to increase their participation in these activities.

In Mandalay City, the current bus system is targeting to the industrial zones and new towns. The actual total bus travel time takes longer and longer by gathering passengers and so the demand is decreasing. Similarly, the advantage of the current bus system is to carry the various things bought by the passengers. In the land use based accessibility measurement, there is 21% good access, 22% fair access and 57% repair and no service area in Mandalay City. The highest good accessibility level is found in the kind of commercial land use and the least good accessibility level is found in the kind of the land use associated by transportation type. From land use planning approach, the type of commercial land use has the excellent public transport accessibility level in Mandalay City. Therefore, the optimal bus planning site selection model is developed by using overlay analysis.

This paper presents a model to predict population distribution based on road network centrality. The proposed model predicts population distribution based on accessibility. The concept of network centrality is used to measure the accessibility of the location. The cases study was conducted in the Colombo Metropolitan Area, Sri Lanka. The study developed a model to predict population density by utilizing closeness centrality and the residential land use ratio. The case study result recorded an accepted level of predictability and accuracy (R²= 0.870 and MdAPE < 30%). Further, the model maintains a high accuracy with small calibration sample. The methods demonstrated in this research is effective tool for both transport and urban planners to efficient allocation of road infrastructure and urban development investment.

Inbound tourism has been steadily increasing in Japan and has benefited the country in many ways. To provide newcomers with a more satisfying experience, trip routes can be suggested by solving the Tourist Trip Design Problem (TTDP). However, the traditional TTDP does not consider the tourists’ fatigue level. Hence, the most optimal route may end up not being the most desirable route. Therefore, the goal of this research is to add the fatigue factor into the TTDP and solve the Tourist Trip Design Problem with Fatigue (TTDPF). We analyze how the optimum route changes based on different levels of fatigue sensitivity. For a person with low fatigue sensitivity, it is logical to visit more tourist attractions with less rest in between. Eventually, we aim to provide the tourists with trip routes that are more realistic and directly applicable.

Land (re)development is an integral part of TOD planning especially in the areas that are already built. Dhaka the capital city of Bangladesh is a densely populated spontaneous city with narrow roads, inadequate pedestrian facilities, unplanned structures, inappropriate land use mix and weak policy enforcing environment. TOD planning here is more difficult than other cities of the developed world. This study has considered an empirical case station, analyzes the spatial attributes that theoretically defines TOD and available policy documents to identify the opportunities and challenges of (re)development for TOD planning in Dhaka. Study has recognized land readjustment for the under developed parts of the study area as the best suitable land redevelopment tool in the context of Dhaka to integrate land use with proposed transit stations after evaluating the existing physical form of the city, relevant policies and TOD practices of different cities.

This paper investigates the benefit contributed by Route R3A in order to draw lesson learned for making tourism development strategy on route R3A and other significant routes. Methodology used in this study is qualitative analysis consisting of analysis of value chain and governments’ contribution from three countries along the route, namely China, Lao PDR, and Thailand. Data collection methods consist of field survey and key players’ in-depth interview. The study found that Chinese tour agencies could be a threat towards businesses on R3A tourism value chain, they can interfere tourism value chain, especially in Lao PDR. Therefore, to develop sustainable tourism on this route, Thailand must be considered to the Integration of key players in the chain, Value enhancement in tourism chain and finally protecting of domestic stakeholder.

This study estimated the CO2 emission from passenger cars in Tokyo and Kagawa from 2010 to 2050, and analyzed the impact of population, demography, urban structure and automotive technologies. As a result, the CO2 emissions in both cities are estimated to decline 65-70% in 2050 from 2010. Effect of automobile technology improvement on emission reduction is calculated as 42%-44%. The impact of population change is 10% in Tokyo and 17% in Kagawa that reflects the higher population reduction rate in local city. The effect of urban compaction is estimated only 1% to 2%. To achieve the government goal of 80% reduction of the CO2 emission by 2050, incorporation with substantial enforcement of urban policy is discussed. These urban compaction policies are needed not only for the CO2 emission reduction but also to achieve the sustainable urban transport and finance of local government.

To develop tsunami evacuation guidance system can be effective for tourists visiting towns that have risks of tsunami. This paper aims to propose a guidance system that can reflect visitors’ preference of evacuation route choice. First we investigated visitors’preference by web questionnaire survey to establish a visitors’ evacuation route choice model. The respondents tended to choose higher grounds rather than evacuation towers and to preferred wider roads for evacuation routes. We found that evacuation direction, required time for evacuation, crowdedness of evacuation places were also essential factors. Second, web application was developed to reflect the model. Finally, we conducted an experiment to verify the effectivity of the application in a town and twenty students participated in the experiment. As a result, we partially verified the effectivity of the application developed and we exacted other factors that should be included in the system in the future.

The operation of “Community bus” and “Demand Responsive Transport (DRT)”by municipalities are widely spread in Japan. However, the number of users was small and the financial burden of municipalities increased. Establishment of a new feasible method for local public transportation service which can deal with these problems is required. In this study, we examined the possibility of using taxis as new public transportation and report a social experiment in Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As a result of replacement the bus service to taxis, the municipal expense for operating taxis could be decreased by 85% compared to bus service. Many residents in the operating area were satisfied with the service provided by taxis. The heavy users are women in their 70s and 80s, and they are using for hospital visits and shopping. Non-users are driving their cars by themselves, so they do not feel the necessity at present.

In order to promote public transport ridership and to seek an option for funding public transport, the policymakers should consider a public transport with high-quality services that is suitable and attractive to high-income people like BRT. With the hypothetical profit from the high-quality service, a cross-subsidize might be given to ease the burden of subsidy for the regular public transport. In this paper a case study in Hanoi city, Vietnam was chosen to do SP/RP combined survey and then develop a multinomial logit model. The result showed that the high-income group has the highest willingness to pay for additional public transportation services of BRT, yet their main interest is limited (2 out of 5 additional services). The intermediate-income group has a considerable interest in almost all services (4 out of 5 services). The consumers’ surplus for BRT existed; therefore, a cross-subsidized system for public transport is possible in this case.

An initial assessment of the existing routes of the recently implemented P2P Bus Service System in Metro Manila was conducted. The service encourages mode shifting from private to public transport especially for users traversing one of the busiest roads in the metro: Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). The characteristics of the P2P bus units that distinguish them from regular buses include fixed departure schedules, fewer pick-up and drop-off points, passenger limit, and aspects such as more comfortable seating and free internet connection. A questionnaire survey is then conducted among current P2P users to have an initial assessment of the said transit system and be able to formulate possible improvements. It was found that not all routes were able to successfully encourage private car users to shift to P2P and most of the current users are also from other modes of public transport. On the other hand, a satisfaction survey is also conducted among users and it is identified that affordability, travel time, schedule, and amenities are aspects which can be improved for the P2P bus service system.

Many developed countries face the issues of population decline and aging. Due to the migration of young generation to urban area, this phenomenon is more pronounced in rural area, leading to the abolition of rural public transportation services. In this study, we suggest an efficient on-demand public transport in rural area, namely integrated transport between passenger and goods (ITPG), where both public transport and logistic companies could reduce operation costs. Since the integration could increase the delay for passengers (due to the pick-up of goods), better understanding on the cost of delay is essential to develop an efficient algorithm for ITPG vehicle routing. This study explores passengers’ preferences on ITPG use based on a stated choice survey conducted in Iwami town, Japan. We also examine the heterogeneous impacts different age groups.

Public bike share system wins its global popularity due to inherit merits. A key problem of expanding as well as maintaining the system is predicting the demand of bike trips temporally and spatially, either for expanding the system or for balancing the bikes and docks. In this paper, we investigate the contributing factors in daily trips of Citi Bike, the bike share system in New York City from the city level and census tract level. Factors coming from demographics, employment, weather, land use, subway, and taxi trips are investigated temporally by a simple multiple linear model and spatially by spatial filtered negative binomial (NB) regression models. The results of multiple linear model show the daily shared bike trip counts of the whole city are significantly dependent on weather, day type, and taxi trips. The Moran’s I statistic confirms the spatial correlation in ordinary NB regression when modeling average daily bike trips in each census tract on both weekday and weekends. With additional spatial filters, the improved NB regression models can better model the spatial autocorrelation and show a better fitting. Meanwhile, spatial filtered NB regression models confirm the significance from explanatory variables of population, demographic data, land use, etc. The results are helpful in obtaining potential locations of bike stations for the expansion of shared bike system and arranging available bikes and docks temporally and spatially for daily management.

A good quality public transport Origin-Destination (OD) matrix is essential for understanding public transport travel pattern. Though smartcard data availability has enhanced accurateness of Origin-Destination (OD) matrix estimation, lack of alighting information in the smartcard databse made it challenging to derive an accurate OD matrix. So, to understand passenger’s destination information, it is important to develop a method to distinguish destination from the alighting stop. To infer a destination from alighting stops requires the ability to distinguish between transfer and activity by detecting short or hidden activities. This research developed a new heuristic trip chain model using SQL software from the Adelaide public transport smart card database. Analysis of a week’s data for bus users validated based on a survey. The results from this study will help in accurate estimation of public transport demand which will assist the local planning authorities to rationalize the public transport routes leading to higher public transport patronage.

The present paper attempts to evaluate the operational performance of the city bus system considering demand and supply parameters. Towards this purpose, seven-days ticketing data (for estimating demand) in addition to operational timetable details (for estimating supply) for city bus system in Surat city, India was collected from the private operator. A comprehensive evaluation of city bus system in terms of level of service (LOS) offered with respect to demand and supply variables is performed in lines with the guidelines provided in Transit capacity and quality of service manual (TCQSM). Investigations revealed that for majority of routes, LOS based on supply parameters were observed in LOS C. However, the same, considering demand was under LOS B. This discrepancy in LOS considering supply and demand calls for development of composite level of service criteria for measuring the performance of city bus system in context to both supply and demand simultaneously.

Assessment of passenger satisfaction on bus transportation in Sri Lanka is a timely imperative to upgrade the level of service. The main objectives of this study are: to assess passenger satisfaction with the semi-luxury bus service on the Panadura-Kandy route; to examine important service quality attributes that influence passenger satisfaction; and, to evaluate the significance of these factors in order to determine the quality improvement priorities. The key quality attributes used in this study are fare, cleanliness, comfort, condition, discipline, travel time, loading level, privacy, availability, and safety. According to the results, passengers are dissatisfied with the semi-luxury bus service on the PanaduraKandy route. Overall, passengers are mostly dissatisfied with the loading level during the journey. The study provides a direction for transport regulators to improve service quality by imposing and enforcing rules and regulations to maintain standards of service while enhancing frequency to cater to existing passenger demand.

Lack of suitable signs in pedestrian intensive networks similar to those found in certain transport interchanges degrades the quality of service of such systems by increasing walking distances, journey times and stressful conditions caused to people getting lost. An Entropy based model for determination of direction signs in a pedestrian flow network has been presented in the paper. Pedestrian route choice behavior has been built into the model to evaluate the selection process for travel paths. A demonstration of the computation procedure to propose a sign system for the underground pedestrian corridor network of a large transport interchange, Osaka Transport Hub, has been included.

As a developing country and poor transportation system the city of Mongolian bus route system could not serve in most of distal part. The objective of this paper is applying big data and transit demands data to develop a methodology for planning and designing a cost and service efficient transit network. In this paper a new bus route generating model is proposed by integrating an existing bus network with real demand data from Bayanzurkh district. The result of this paper shows that the proposed methodology can increase 26.8% of the service rate and decrease 9% costs.

Passenger satisfaction significantly affects behaviour towards public transport. With emerging BRT-Lite development in Indonesia, satisfaction of the services reflects the quality and performance to meet the passengers need. This paper investigates passenger satisfaction level of four BRT-lite in Indonesian cities, consists of shelter and bus service attributes, users personal and travel characteristics. Passenger satisfaction for key service attributes of bus and shelter was assessed using Customer Satisfaction Index and Ordinal Logistic Regression. The results of this study found that passenger in Bali, Surakarta, and Bandung tend to rate high satisfaction level for most attributes, whereas less satisfaction is found in Bogor. Specific attributes do have significant influence on satisfaction level which also causing the negative results in Bogor. Interesting finding found in this paper is that BRTLite which has the lowest satisfaction rate resulting in possibility to reduce the sustainability of the BRT operation.

Measuring the performance of transit routes is critical toidentify transitoperational problems and effectivelymaximise their performance. This paper proposes a NDEA-based framework to evaluate the performance of individual bus routes within a transit network by an overall efficiency score and investigate the internal factors related to theirinefficiency. Real data from 52 bus routes in Brisbane, Australia is employed toexamine the proposed Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) model. The results indicated the advantages of the NDEA model in measuring the performance of bus routes, compared to the traditional DEA model. The given bus routes were measured and ranked with the identification of internal sources of inefficiency, including: service duration,space-km and on-time performance. The findings provide transit policy makers with additional and useful information for decision making.

Paratransit service has characteristics such as no stopping spot, no timetable, and irregular pattern because stopping depends on driver or passenger demand. This study uses Wi-Fi scanner equipment to capture media access control (MAC) address of the paratransit passenger in Makassar city, Indonesia. The objective of this study is 1) to produce a cleaning procedure to clean Wi-Fi raw data from non-passenger data, 2) to match data between ground truth and Wi-Fi, and 3) to make an OD or boarding alighting data based on Wi-Fi estimated. The result showed that 1211 of the 2925 real passengers from Wi-Fi data after MAC address processing matched with ground truth data, and the possible similarity in the number of actual passenger and MAC address is 41.4%. The trend between Wi-Fi cleaning result and ground truth is similar and the same tendency. The correlation value between Wi-Fi cleaning result and ground truth is 0.89.

The present paper deals with the role of para-transit system of auto-rickshaws in fast growing metropolitan city of Surat in Indian state of Gujarat, when confronted by the city bus service and bus rapid transit system. The main objective of the paper is to re-organize the auto-rickshaws systems as feeder to mass transit considering expected shift to transit based on binary logit models with respect to the distance in the influence area. It is observed that the expected shift takes place up to 2km in the buffer area, beyond which it decreases. Furthermore, the para-transit system shows maximum passenger-kilometer within the buffer zone of this 2 km on each side of the trunk route. Interestingly, the present study also reveals that auto-rickshaw operators are able to maintain their present earnings even after redefining their roles from trunk travel mode to feeder mode.

Legally provided surface parking lots were merely not sufficient to accommodate the current demand for parking inside the Malabe campus, SLIIT tempting commuters to park in illegal areas and student playground of the campus. Therefore, this study evaluated the operational and safety issues of the existing facility by means of four surveys. Parking inventory survey was conducted to enumerate existing parking facility and its characteristics. Using a Metro Count roadside unit, vehicle inflow-outflow data were obtained through six months to study parking accumulation characteristics. Vehicle count surveys were conducted to determine parking characteristics such as parking accumulation profile, parking demand, number of users, average parking durations and turnover. Feedback from users regarding parking problem was collected from interview survey. Recommendations were proposed to supply total parking spaces for 399 cars, 365 bikes and 10 buses to meet the demand in 2025 while ensuring the safety and efficiency of parking.

This study investigated the properties of asphalt concrete mixes prepared with waste carbide lime (CL) in place of conventional stone dust (SD) as filler. Firstly, various characterization properties of CL and SD were determined. Subsequently, optimum asphalt content (OAC) of asphalt concrete mixes having both fillers were determined and their mechanical, volumetric properties as well as performance against rutting, cracking and moisture sensitivity was assessed. CL modified mixes had relatively higher OAC than conventional mixes due to the higher porosity of CL, they also had marginally higher Marshall stability, rutting resistance, and cracking resistance. This was primarily attributed to higher fineness of CL which cause its uniform distribution in asphalt mixes. CL modified mixes also displayed superior moisture resistance and active-passive adhesions. This might be attributed to the presence of high amount of asphalt aggregate adhesion promoters like Portlandite and calcite in the composition of CL.

During construction time, erosion phenomenon occurred in areas from the cross section Km30+100 to the cross section Km 30+320 of the highway project. Affected area caused by erosion is about 200m in length, 8m in depth and 30m in width. The aims of this article are to analyze the cause of highway landslide constructed over the sandy area affected by underground water, to describe proposed design solution for treatment.

Extending the service lives of bridges has become a topic of discussion. Inspections and diagnosis are performed through close visual inspections. In this study, we propose a diagnostic imaging technology with a super-high-resolution camera (SHRC) for efficient inspection. By using images captured with the SHRC, we will build an inspection environment similar to close visual inspection. We utilized image recognition technology to prepare AI that identifies cracks, and proposed a method that delineates locations with cracks based on the entire image of a pier. Finaly, We examined the improvement of crack detection accuracy by using Averaged Shifted Histograms (ASH) theory. It becomes crear that accurancy of AI has increased by average shift mesh.

Filler is one of pavement mixture component. According to some previous researches, marble waste as filler can increase Marshall characteristic values which represent asphalt concrete mixture performance. Another performance parameter is durability. This study aims to analyze durability of asphalt concrete mixtures using marble waste as filler experimentally in laboratory. Data collection of asphalt mixture characteristic was done with several variations of marble content in the mixture composition. Based on Marshall testing result, 25% marble content by filler weight is the optimum marble content. This composition is then used for durability testing with several variations in immersion time. The results showed that the use of marble waste was not able to increase the mixture durability because it has a greater strength loss than the sample without marble. These results indicate that based on Residual Strength Index and Stability Reduction Index, samples without marble are more durable than samples contain marble.

The functional efficiency of the pervious pavement is evaluated in terms of skid resistance and tire/road noise, which determines the highway safety and comfort benefits to the travellers. The primary objective of this paper is to incorporate the functional performances such as frictional and acoustic characteristics into the pervious pavement design procedures. The existing pervious pavement design procedures assume that the functional requirement is satisfied arbitrarily with the volumetric and composition requirement. This paper formulates the functional design of porous mixture as the bi-objective optimization model, which maximizes the skid number and minimizes the tire/road noise level, both were obtained from the numerical simulation models. A fast nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA II) was adopted as the solution algorithm to solve the optimization model. Pareto solutions from this model indicate that the performance of skid resistance could not be improved without increasing the tire/road noise. The optimum solutions for this model were selected as the appropriate trade-off between both the parameters. This model allows a highway agency for the incorporation of frictional and acoustic parameters into the existing pervious pavement mixture and thickness design procedures.

This study evaluated the properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA) with pulverized ceramic tile wastes (CTW) to serve as mineral filler for HMA. The physical properties of the HMA with pulverized CTW, were compared to the properties of HMA conventional mix and HMA with fly ash. The properties evaluated include the specific gravity, bulk specific gravity, theoretical maximum density, flow and the void ratio. Results showed that the stability of the HMA with pulverized CTW is higher than the other HMA mixtures. This indicates the increased resistance to horizontal deformation for the HMA with pulverized CTW. In addition, a slight reduction of the flow property of the HMA with pulverized CTW, shows that the vertical deformation did not have much effect when the type of mineral filler is changed. Air voids, and other properties including the bulk specific gravity and maximum theoretical density, are well within the range of the Philippine Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) specifications for roads and highways. Results show the potential of using pulverized CTW as replacement mineral filler for HMA.

The higher cost incurred for materials is a prime concern for the absence of popularity for HMA in upgrading local roads. In the sense, Demolished Concrete Waste (DCW) could be a feasible alternative to fulfill the requirement of virgin aggregate in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). Hence, this study focused on inspecting whether the properties of HMA, modified by DCW, meets the specifications for local roads in Sri Lanka. Accordingly, Marshall Mix design was conducted for selected replacement percentages of coarse aggregates and the results indicated that although the Marshall stability reduces with the addition of DCW, the value is within the acceptable range of the local specifications. Moreover, despite the Marshall Flow increases with the addition of DCW as coarse aggregate, it does not exceed the specified limits. Hence, it seems that DCW is a feasible option to replace the coarse aggregate in HMA. Nevertheless, this study should be furthered to evaluate the performance factors of HMA with DCW, such as skid resistance, in order to ensure safety and durability.

Pavement Roughness can be expressed as the anomalies in a pavement surface, which will affect the ride quality of a vehicle. Roughness can be expressed as International Roughness Index (IRI). In Sri Lanka, fund allocations for road rehabilitation have become a major issue for government authorities. In this research two android applications were used to estimate the road roughness which can be used to collect road condition data cost effectively. The study was performed on 20 national roadway sections in Sri Lanka. The statistical analysis showed linear regression model, R²= 0.754 based on the relationship between estimated and existing IRI values which were obtained from Road Development Authority (RDA) of Sri Lanka. Based on result from the experiment smartphone application can be determined as an alternative that can be used to determine the surface roughness of pavements, as it provides data efficiently and with technical benefits.

The present study attempted to define LOS at manually operated tollbooths under mixed traffic conditions in India. Field observation shows that a wide variation presents in headway and service time for different vehicle class at tollbooths. Further, clustering technique used to define ranges of LOS. Based on Silhouette analysis and referring to the previous studies six numbers of clusters ranges from LOS ‘A’ to ‘F’ proposed in the present study. Present work concluded that service time, headway and delay experienced by vehicle less than 7, 13, and 43 seconds (s) respectively show the toll plaza operating at LOS ‘A’whereas service time, headway and delay required more than 30, 43, and 202 s respectively shows that toll plaza operating at LOS ‘F’. This study may be useful for toll plaza management to check the operational efficiency of manually operated toll plazas under heterogeneous traffic conditions with less effort and cost.

Reduction of CO₂ emissions from vehicles becomes an urgent social issue for preventing global warming. In this study, the information provision system to provide accelerator-off indication to a driver is constructed for reducing the amount of CO₂ emissions from vehicles approaching a signalized intersection, which can be applied to multiple car-following situations. A driver could pass through the upcoming intersection at green signal or shorten the idling time during red by following the information. The information system is evaluated by driving experiments with two participants and a recorded driver by a driving simulator. From results of the experiments, although the information provision only to the lead vehicle raiseda risk of traffic collision, it was clarified the information provision to the following vehicle contributed to reduce the collision risk even under multiple car-following situations. Furthermore, the information provision reduced the amount of CO₂ emissions effectively from the last following vehicle.

Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is one of the key parameters in the field of transportation. It is traditionally used for planning and designing purposes in road sector. This research was carried out for development of adjustment factors for AADT estimation two-way two-lane road of Colombo suburban. Malabe-Kaduwele roadway was selected to conduct the research. Data were collected using automatic traffic counter (Metro-Count device) at Malabe-Kaduwele road in front of SLIIT Malabe campus for the period of five and half months. From the data, hourly expansion factors (HEF) and daily expansion factors (DEF) were estimated. The data collection period was not sufficient to develop monthly expansion factors (MEF) but an attempt was made to develop factors for months fall in data collection period. The experience obtained in this study could be used for developing adjustment factors in future.

This study investigates the impact of different Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies and various degrees of data aggregation on travel time measurements. The study was motivated by the belief that commonly conducted travel-time-based before-and-after studies can deliver misleading results if not enough attention is given to the data collection and aggregation method. Travel time data are first obtained from GPS-equipped probe vehicles, Bluetooth devices, and Sensys systems. The collected data are controlled at different levels of data aggregation for each travel time measurement method. After deployment of the SynchroGreen adaptive system, the GPS and Sensys-based studies produced similar travel time savings for all westbound segments, though not for all eastbound segments. Conversely, the Bluetooth-based study produced travel time savings for all eastbound segments though not for all westbound segments. Also, the results from two periods (before and after school started) were significantly different when the travel time data were aggregated at the most detailed level, which cannot be shown with the low level of data aggregation. This finding emphasized the importance of data collection and reduction design when conducting before-and-after studies of ITS deployments.

The degradation of traffic service in the form of low travel speed due to snowfall adversely affects various aspects such as the quality of life of residents and logistics, so ensuring the regular flow of traffic in winter is an important issue. However, the statistical data set available from which to determine the relationship between cumulative snowfall and traffic is small in Japan, and thus quantitative analysis methods have not progressed. In this paper, we evaluated the influence of snow on travel speed in Nagaoka city, Niigata, Japan. First, we estimated the cumulative snowfall on the road surface using live camera images. Next, we analyzed the relationship between snow (hourly snowfall, estimated the cumulative snowfall on road), road structure, and speed using probe car data collected by the ETC 2.0 system. To estimate the various impacts these different parameters have on travel speed in winter, a regression model was constructed.

An intense acceleration operation is observed at intersection area due to various stop and go conditions as the acceleration operation depends on the traffic saturation, vehicle type, drive characteristics and other environmental aspects. Indian traffic stream is a mix of different vehicle categories with different characteristics. Thus the traditional method is not suitable for evaluating the acceleration parameters. Hence, a GPS based device (VBOX) was used to collect the acceleration behaviour of vehicles. Result shows that the speed and acceleration characteristics are different for each vehicle type and vehicles are attaining maximum speed at different time interval. Regression technique is implemented to develop acceleration model and the best fitted model is proposed as per various error norm and statistical significance. The outcomes of the present study is more useful for realistic estimation of various performance measures and also can be used as a valid input to differentmicrosimulation approaches.

Traffic characteristics and driving culture are the factors that vary across the nations. For instance, the heterogeneity in traffic composition and the loosely-enforced lane discipline make the traffic conditions of India unique and complex as well. Therefore, the adoption of criteria recommended in Highway Capacity Manual of developed nations leads to erroneous results in performance evaluation of Indian urbanstreets. Further, the performance evaluation of ‘undivided’ streets is more challenging as traffic movements of opposite directions tend to impede each other. In this regard, the present study identifies ‘Percent Speed Reduction’ (PSR) asan alternative performance measure and proposes a methodology to assess Level of Service (LOS) based on the same. A sum of twelve hours’ traffic data was collected using videography at mid-block section on undivided street in New Delhi, India. Free Flow Speed (FFS) of the traffic stream was measured employing different techniques however did not show any significant difference in the measurements. K-mean clustering technique was used to classify the observed PSR data into a number of sub-groups. Silhouette method revealed that the cluster members are fitted within the range in the best possible way when the number of cluster is six. Hence, six LOS thresholds corresponding to discrete ranges of PSR were proposed.

This research aims to develop an innovative artificial intelligence approach based on neural networks to estimate future traffic conditions on freeways. The traffic data was generated from a traffic simulation model for a busy freeway in Melbourne. Then, a predictive model was developed that estimates future speed, flow and density at forecast time horizons of 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes into the future. The results showed a prediction rate ranging from 85% (flow) through 95% (speed) to 97% for density. This provides traffic operators with a model to predict the state of congestion on a freeway with a high degree of accuracy. Current and future work is focused on enhancing the neural network performance by training the models on larger numbers of observations obtained from the simulation model under different traffic conditions. The models will then be validated on real-time data obtained from field conditions.

Due to intrinsic complexity under mixed traffic conditions, the car-following as well as lane-change models developed for homogeneous traffic conditions are not directly applicable, as there are very frequent longitudinal and transverse movement of different vehicle classes, simultaneously on same available road space with weak lane-discipline. Moreover, under mixed traffic stream, there can be multiple combinations of following and leading vehicle pairs over space and time. On these lines contingent heavily on the computational driving behavior models in coding the autonomous vehicle may not be productive, considering this in the present work supervised machine-learning models, which is a part of artificial intelligence are employed in modelling the driving behavior. For this purpose, vehicular trajectory data, which is minute level data source where vehicles instincts will be recorded over time and falls under big data stream for vehicular behavior is employed. The performance of the algorithms using trajectory data was evaluated among different criteria. From that k-NN algorithm is found to be the most suitable candidate in replicating the driving behavior accurately under heterogeneous traffic.

With the complex traffic situation and worse traffic congestion, predicting traffic flow accurately is quite important. This thesis emphatically introduced long short-term memory model (LSTM) and time series models, especially the ARIMA model. Time series models had been widely used for traffic flow prediction many years ago. LSTM model now performs well in other prediction areas, but the traffic flow prediction doesn’t verify. In this thesis, we used highway traffic flow data to test model performance and compared them through several factors. The results showed that LSTM is well-suited in fluctuant traffic flow prediction and have high accuracy.

This study examined the effects of the Mobility Management at inadequately mass transit developed area. We hypothesized that providing motivational information has positive impact on behavioral intention (BI) as the proxy variable of the future mass transit demand with following the behavioral modification model even in the situation that mass transit system is not developed adequately. The empirical analysis was conducted by using 585 survey data collected among university students in Bandung, Indonesia. The participants were randomly assigned to a control group and 2 experimental groups based on the provided motivational information type. Major empirical findings are (1) providing motivational information has positive impact on BI, (2) general environment concern has positive impact and private vehicle use habit has negative impact toward BI, and (3) direct information toward individual has more significant impact on BI for private vehicle user, and indirect information toward individual is more effective for paratransit user.

Big events such as sports, concerts, political gathering, fairs, and etc. result in high congestion levels as attendees overload the roads in the network surrounding the event venue, which warrants for development of an efficient and systematic traffic management programme. This paper presents a methodology to assess the impact of a big event on an urban road network and to evaluate different traffic management strategies on the basis of their efficiency in alleviating the impact. A micro-simulation model of the study network is developed with a special emphasis on the pedestrian-vehicular interactions throughout the network. Various traffic management strategies are formulated and evaluated using the micro-simulation model based on several performance criteria. The evaluation results are then analysed to identify the best alternative which can be used for field-implementation under similar event scenarios. This study is conducted with reference to a cricket match hosted at Eden Gardens in Kolkata, India.

A high rate of self-containment level indicates that local residents are satisfied with a set of land use and transport conditions, contributing to reduced automobile use.Examining factors impact on self-containment level has been studied recently in the literature. However, relevant studies from the viewpoint of travel behavior in the context of developing countries are limited. An international comparison of self-containment level of new towns in developing countries will be examined by using data collected from travel diary surveys in new urban areas in Hanoi (Vietnam) and Surabaya (Indonesia). A logit model of destination choices was developed with a consideration of various factors. The results provethat significant factorsshow the opposite trend between two case studies because of the different self-containment levels. Then, the relationship between destination choices and social engagement based on subjective-wellbeing is discussed to confirm the impact of self-contained town on quality of lifeagain.

Narrow alleys serve as the key factor of fire safety in urban areas. Characterized by high population density and mixed land-use patterns, urban areas—particularly those old and decayed communities—in effect sustain higher fire risk. Moreover, narrow alleys that are impassable for fire engines delay the firefighting operations and rescue, resulting to great loss of life and property. In light of the frequent and repeated fire accidents due to such situation, this research seeks to address the issue of urban fire safety by considering measures to widen narrow alleys or designate emergency passages. Subsequently, the reduction of firefighting response time and the enhancement of overall area fire safety are analyzed. Most previous studies related to fire safety for narrow alleys focus on qualitative and policy-oriented discussions. By contrast, this research proposes a systematic approach that considers both the fire risk of communities/buildings and the current response practices to fire accidents in narrow alleys. An optimization model is developed on the basis of the network design problem, with the objectives to minimize the response time of firefighting operation and increase accessibility to fire scenes. Accordingly, this study aims to determine the narrow alleys of highest criticality and prioritize these areas for improvement (widening) projects. The modeling result and associated analysis are expected to become the reference for near-term or mid-term urban disaster management strategies, or even incorporated into the long-term planning of urban renewal.

Railway accidents have resulted from three main factors: infrastructure, mechanical and human errors. Human performance is influenced by physical and mental factor, habitual and professional reaction, working environment, thus, the weakest links in any complex system. Based on high failure rates, disastrous consequences caused by human occurred more regularly. Safety culture is an important concept in understanding the involvement of each component to railway accidents. It tried to establish a systematic, psychological and compliant solution to reduce the human failure by ensuring railway staffs understand the same attitudes, training competencies and patterns of behaviour and accordingly, decreasing the probability of errors. First, this paper concentrated on explaining human errors, safety culture and interactive relationship between them. Second, the research has indicated the popular human failures and assessed attitude to the safety/safety management system in the Vietnamese railway industry by expert survey and statistical analysis. Finally, several suggestions to improve safety culture and performance are proposed.