This paper attempts to measure the vehicle speed characteristics at few predetermined points along four residential roads. The selection of points to measure vehicle speed is to understand the changes in vehicle speed as the vehicles approach at and near the road humps. This study also considers the perceptions of the residents on the effects of road humps in reducing vehicle speed. The results show that the vehicle speeds at point immediately preceding and at the road hump decrease significantly but the vehicle speed increases at points immediately after the road humps. The relationship between the residential areas and the perceptions of the residents on both daytime and nighttime vehicle speed was found to be statistically significant. The perceptions of the residents on whether road humps can reduce vehicle speed were also found to be statistically significant when related with the residential areas.

While many European cities, in the wake of the health crisis, seem to be relying more than ever on bicycles for their transition to sustainable mobility, the city of Amagasaki, like many other Japanese cities, seems to be relying on shared pavements to meet the needs of these cyclists. And while bicycle lanes or tracks appear in very small quantities on the city's development plans, the question is whether the infrastructure in place is sufficient and whether it is well adapted to cyclists and pedestrians. By utilizing unique quantitative and qualitative data created during on-field research in Amagasaki, this paper will attempt to understand the links between conditions of active mobility users, their problems as well as their causes, and then propose elements of response to the different issues identified.

This study evaluates the demand for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations (CSs) in Ulaanbaatar city, considering factors such as population density, number of EVs, proximity to public transportation and popular destinations. A demand-based approach is applied to analyze the potential for efficient deployment of charging infrastructure. The study employs the Electric Charging Demand Location (ECDL) model to calculate the charging demand at points of interest (POI) for EVs and identify the most suitable locations for EVCSs. The findings offer valuable insights on the challenges and opportunities of demand-based CS distribution in urban areas and guide future deployment strategies and decision-making. The study also proposes 3 stages of EV demand development in Mongolia, specifically in Ulaanbaatar city. The widespread adoption of EVs is vital to government efforts towards low-carbon mobility, and demand-based CS distribution is a promising solution to the challenges of EV charging infrastructure.

The transport sector in Asia is often pessimistically perceived as a ‘hard to decarbonise’ sector in a ‘hard to mitigate’ region, a situation that is normally depicted, in colloquial terms as “glass half empty.” Data and experience on transport policies and actions from 2000 to 2020 illustrate that this traditional cynical perspective was iatrogenic and has led to delayed climate policies and actions. However, despite limited success on transport policies and actions, recent business-as-usual (BAU) transport Carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission projections in Asia have diverged significantly from predictions that had been made in the early 2000s. This paper explores such developments and explains why the transport and climate change in Asia is rather in a state depicting a ‘glass-half-full,’ as evidenced by a multitude of examples of policies and actions that have significantly avoided or reduced transport CO₂ emissions.

Bitumen Ageing is studied in the laboratory using methods, which represents thermo-oxidative ageing. In the field, bitumen undergoes photo-oxidative ageing due to the presence of ultraviolet (UV) radiations. In order to understand the effect of UV radiations, laboratory study was conducted using viscosity graded VG40 bitumen with and without zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP), as an anti-photo-oxidative additive. Rheological and chemical investigations were carried out on the UV aged bitumen using DSR and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscope. The results indicated that UV radiations aged the bitumen significantly and this increased with duration. The stiffness of the bitumen with ZnO-NP was relatively lower and showed significant resistance against UV ageing. The Cross model for viscosity and ageing model was fitted to quantify the effect of UV ageing. Further, carbonyl and sulfoxide indices were calculated from the FTIR spectrum, where these indices were found to be higher for bitumen without ZnO-NP.

Thailand has confronted with a lot of devastating floods. Some roads were heavily destroyed while others were partially damaged and emergency relieves could not access to the flooded areas. The Thailand Department of Highways (DOH) attempts to develop a budget approximation model for the highway network protection before an occurrence of the next flood disaster. The model will provide an approximated budget required to retrofit roadways before the occurrence of disaster that guarantees network connectivity and minimal associated costs. The proposed model is formulated as a stochastic bi-level program where the upper-level problem is a preemptive goal program and the lower-level problem is the user equilibrium condition. A heuristic solution method is provided for practical size problems. A sample network is examined to investigate the solution characteristics. It is found that the proposed algorithm can provide good practical solutions to the budget approximation for the highway network protection problem.

This study analyzes the Energy Demand and Emissions of Traditional PUJs in UP Diliman Campus using real transportation data from 2018, considering idling emissions. The objective is to assess the energy demand and emissions reduction potential when transitioning to electric PUJs. The findings reveal that the total transportation activity of all PUJs in UP amounted to 5,696,777.65 vehicle-kilometers, with an energy demand of 0.878 ktoe, including idling energy demand. However, if all PUJ units switch to electric PUJs, the energy demand significantly decreases to 0.145 ktoe, demonstrating the greater energy efficiency of electric jeepneys. Regarding PUJ emissions, three key insights were identified: idling emissions are a significant source of emissions for PUJs in UP Diliman, GHG emissions reduction attributed to shifting to electric PUJs depends on the power generation mix, and adopting electric PUJs significantly lowers PM and NOx emissions, known to cause respiratory illnesses and premature mortality.

Ferry retrofitting reduces the carbon footprint of marine transport while reusing existing resources. However, electric conversion can be risky, especially for expensive marine vehicles. There are different electric power train configurations, like battery-electric and hybrid. A methodology to evaluate these configurations, by using the operations data and structural plans in retrofitting an existing passenger ferry used for public transport in the Pasig River of the Philippines is presented in this paper. Through weight estimation, hydrostatic calculations, stability simulations, and energy modeling, the resulting powering requirements, metacentric height, feasibility of component placement, and energy economy for each scenario were determined and compared. The results show that the battery electric configuration had the simplest modification and least energy demand at 167.4kWh compared to the base case diesel engine at 240kWh, and other configurations. Reduction in the energy used saves resources, increases energy security, and reduces pollution emitted from non-renewable energy sources.

Cagayan de Oro city is a highly urbanized center of Misamis Oriental, in the Philippines. The city experiences disaster impacts and risks considering its geographic position, tropical climate, and susceptibility to environmental hazards. In particular, flood vulnerability of urban environment and its transportation systems has repercussion in urban communities causing disruption, damage, and risks to residents. The main objective of this study is the oevaluation of route and traffic flow analysis under normal- and flood- conditions. More specifically, to conduct baseline data of the city; to conduct travel conditions and perception profiles under normal- and storm- conditions; to conduct spatial and simulation analysis of roads during flood conditions and to develop flood mitigation maps and management strategies of vulnerable roads and route in the city. The output of the study will include, transportation and built environment engineering solutions in line with flood mitigation and flood management policies.

This paper investigates an electric bus (EB) charging scheduling problem for a bus depot to determine when to charge EBs, and how long each EB should be charged, aiming to minimize the total charging cost borne by the public transit (PT) operators by considering practical issues in EB operations such as the time-of-use tariffs and grid restrictions. We develop the problem as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model that can be solved by the optimization solvers. Furthermore, we also carried out a series of experiments based on real data from a bus depot in Taiyuan of China to demonstrate the efficiency of the developed MILP model. The developed MILP model may serve as a decision support tool for PT operators. In addition, some managerial insights are drawn to enhance the operating efficiency of the bus depot.

Bus Rapid Transit, BRT, operation in Jakarta has been in operation since 2004 capturing major parts of the city with its 13 main corridors. This operation keeps expanding beyond the main corridors integrating the feeder networks of medium and small size of buses, and even connecting the neighboring cities of BODETABEK to serve the commuters. With its wider coverage Jakarta BRT still keeps into effect the affordable flat tariff of 2004, however it has consequence of soaring local government subsidy to BRT. Growing fleet provision is not only by government but also some private bus operators, to which the hired fleet is paid based on distance produced. This study undertakes efficiency assessment of fleet operation to attain rational subsidy, and it elaborates two out of thirteen corridors with very different operational conditions. Analyses focus on schedule and load factor, and result in some interpretation that the existing operations are not efficient yet. This paper also suggests some fleet scheduling to reduce operating costs with consequence of potentially less subsidy.

In July 2021, Metro Manila's first cycling network was inaugurated in response to evolving transport needs due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For the continuous improvement of cycling infrastructure in the region, an evaluation methodology for the bike lanes was proposed based on the following criteria: population density, the average number of monthly cyclists, frequency of places of interest, presence of discontinuities, motor vehicle volume, the usability of bike lane based on cyclists’ evaluation and the number of incidents. Using GIS software, the data associated with each criterion was mapped and the weighted average of the criteria at each grid cell was summarized using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. The evaluation method resulted in the identification of 45 focus areas with a high weighted average. From these focus areas, the recommended infrastructure intervention such as bike lane installation, upgrade, improvement, or connection was identified using a designed decision-making process.

With the opening of high-speed railways, South Korea's railway network has become a long-distance transportation advantageous for passenger transport and mass logistics resources in terms of punctuality, economic feasibility, and mobility. Establishing and closing railway lines and stations in such railway networks might bring about structural changes in the social economy and the development of the railway industry. For example, the reckless development of railway infrastructure centered on specific cities for national and regional economic growth can be caused various socioeconomic problems, such as waste of the national budget and regional imbalances. Therefore, this study analyzes the changes in the topological structure and centrality of South Korea's railway networks in 2000, 2020, and 2030 by applying complex network theory. By evaluating the railway network topology, we can discover the problems from the past to the present and suggest the direction for establishing an ideal railway policy in the future. The results are expected to help interpret the temporal changes in South Korea's railway network pre- and post-high-speed rail operation and future operational plans.

While sustainability is a goal for many cities, there is no consensus on what it means and how to apply it to public transport. This paper examines sustainability and its application to the Philippines' local public transport route plan (LPTRP) for small and medium cities. Text mining and topic modeling explored categories representing sustainable transport indicators from academic literature. Results showed transport planning and walkability indicators are the most relevant topics. Indicators are evaluated with data availability and applicability in the Philippines. Transportation experts confirmed the application of sustainability indicators in the LPTRP. These are 1) accessibility and satisfaction of the transport system. 2) system accessibility to other locations. 3) investments in transport and infrastructure. And 4) the degree to which transport planning is comprehensive. Lastly, this paper suggests ways to apply the selected indicators in preparing sustainable public transport plans for small and medium cities.

The Dukuh Atas area is a pilot project for the development of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in Jakarta, which incorporates the concept of walkability. The aim of this study was: (1) to evaluate walkability measurements with the modified Global Walkability Index (GWI) method, (2) to identify the level of importance and level of performance of pedestrian facilities, and (3) to analyze the correlation of aspects affecting walkability. The analysis showed that the pedestrian facilities in the Dukuh Atas TOD area had a Walkability Index of 89.7 and is in the highly walkable category. The IPA analysis shows that five parameters are considered important and demonstrate high performance. Based on the correlation analysis, there was a significant relationship between walkability and the four aspects. Further research is needed to determine walkability indicators and weights that are in line with the conditions and regulations in Indonesia.

The number of pedestrian road fatality rates is increasing day to day, particularly among those who are engaging with a mobile phone. This study aims to investigate different types of unsafe behaviour among pedestrians crossing the road while using a mobile phone. The study was carried out among 360 pedestrians in Kuala Lumpur due to its high density of pedestrians. Data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Findings revealed that abrupt crossing and crossing negligence among pedestrians is the main contributor that leads to road hazards. Thus, pedestrians are advised to be constantly aware of the approaching vehicles while keeping visible in traffic. Avoiding using mobile phones while on the road and utilising the designated pedestrian walkway will highly reduce the accident rate. This study provides useful insights to relevant stakeholders to further enhance current policy and for pedestrians to improve the current behaviour of mobile phone usage while crossing the road.

The operations of critical bus stops on arterial roads substantially influence the facility bus capacity and the bus quality of service in terms of schedule reliability. The aim of this paper is to employ the methodology in the Transit Capacity Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM) to better understand the capacity of bus stops on arterial roads in Hanoi city. The results achieved provide urban transport management agencies with a valuable tool for bus stop capacity measurement and additional information for bus quality of service improvement.

This study aims to analyze how elementary school children's knowledge about traffic rules is affected by their experiences to use and play at a traffic park before and after entering school. Four elementary schools are surveyed in Toyohashi City, Japan by using a web-based questionnaire survey. Results show a positive relationship between children's traffic safety awareness with traffic park use frequency and grade. The frequency of traffic park use by the children has a positive impact to increase traffic safety awareness with some exceptions of behavior. It has especially improved children's awareness and behavior regarding some important traffic rules- using a crosswalk when crossing a road, not riding a bicycle side by side, not riding a bicycle together with two people, riding a bicycle on the left side of the road, giving way to a pedestrian when riding a bicycle, and stop at a ‘stop’ sign when riding a bicycle.

Due to the extension of the Hokkaido Shinkansen to Sapporo, scheduled for FY2030, passengers between Sapporo and Hakodate will be required to transfer between the Shinkansen and the Hakodate Liner at Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station, which will reduce convenience by eliminating the direct connection. This study examined the possibility of a Hokkaido Shinkansen line that would run to Hakodate Station in the form of a mini-Shinkansen, and this study constructed a transportation mode choice model using a questionnaire survey. The results showed that many passengers would prefer direct Shinkansen service, even if an extra fare is added between Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto and Hakodate. The study examined a policy for developing the Shinkansen service that enters Hakodate Station in relation to Shinkansen service using a parallel conventional line. The study also estimated the demand and project cost and analyzed the profitability of the project, finding that the project would be sufficiently profitable.

This paper aims to investigate the number of transfers between bikesharing and public transportation systems from an OD pair perspective by regressing transfer transactions of OD pairs on the public and private transportation, land use, and socioeconomic variables of origin and destination bikesharing stations as well as the characteristics of OD pairs. A case study on Taipei metropolitan, YouBike system, shows that income has the largest elasticity, followed by riding distance and ridership MRB, suggesting that to strengthen the role of bikesharing feeder service, bikesharing stations should be located as close to public transportation stations as possible. For the short and popular bikesharing OD pairs, more bikes should be kept available for rental at bikesharing stations and bike lane is preferred to enhance the safety and efficiency of bike riding.

In urban areas, the bus system's arrival schedule is often under stress due to various factors such as traffic jams and road circumstances. A dependable bus travel time prediction system is crucial to enhance the bus schedule. This study develops a novel Logistic Burr mixture autoregressive (LBMAR) model to conduct point and interval prediction of bus section travel time. The LBMAR model is built based on the bus section travel time’s characteristics, i.e., right-skewed distributed, multimodal, and heteroscedastic, and can incorporate the exogenous factors such as the occupancy rate changes and the neighboring bus section travel time variability information in making the prediction. The LBMAR model is trained and evaluated using 30 weeks of 101 bus section travel time and passenger data. Results show that the inclusion of exogenous factors in the LBMAR model improves both the point and interval prediction accuracy and stability of the bus section travel time.

Ho Chi Minh city is greatly affected by traffic congestion, a polluted environment, and flooding from rain. Citizens' physical activity is poor. The city government is developing the metro system, but the urban structure around the station has not been adjusted. Building a walking environment can be one of the solutions to deal with current problems. We surveyed experts and found the priority of physical elements by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). This method then helped decrease the number of elements from twenty to twelve based on their relative importance. We then used the AHP's result to investigate citizens using the Semantic Differential scale to measure people's psychological perception. Eight factors were found after Exploratory Factor Analysis: Environment, Seat, Shelter, Sidewalk, Connectivity, Retail, Flexible function, and Simplicity. Those results are beneficial for designing a comfortable, convenient, and safe walking environment that encourages people to walk and use public transport.

In order to improve the walkability of urban streets and build a comfortable and secure walking environment for citizens, it is essential to clarify that how pedestrians’ perception of security is influenced. This study aims to clarify the effects of built environment and spatial configuration on pedestrians’ perception of security, by using the technology of electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure the level of psycho-physiological reaction of pedestrians during actual walking. The analytical results indicated that when the participants walked in experimental sites, the existence of low-rise residences were likely to cause the perception of security higher. To lesser degree, visible windows and stores were also likely to increase security perception.

In recent years, the use of e-scooters has accelerated in Japan, and sharing services have become widespread, especially in urban areas. However, the desirable cross-sectional configuration of roads for this situation has not been sufficiently discussed. This study aimed to evaluate the perceived safety and comfort of e-scooter and automobile drivers during overtaking. Accordingly, we conducted driving tests where an automobile overtook an e-scooter on an experimental roadway with various cross-sectional configurations. Results showed that the lateral passing distance between the e-scooter and automobile during overtaking affected the driver’s evaluation of their safety and comfort, and the degree of influence was the same as that between a bicycle and an automobile. In particular, the drivers preferred lateral passing distances of at least 1.0 to 1.2 m. Thus, we suggest that a minimum road space should be provided to maintain this lateral passing distance.

Transit Signal Priority (TSP) is a control strategy that can reduce the delay of public transit. However, upon a high traffic volume, TSP may significantly increase the delay for non-priority vehicles. Hence, it is an essential issue to adjust the TSP logic at different demand levels. V2X (Vehicle to Everything) communications have been built and tested in recent years to collect vehicles’ locations and speeds. In a V2X environment, this research proposes a framework to implement TSP control along the segment of a Light Rail Transit ( LRT) route in real time. Based on V2X communications, signal states, and queue lengths can be collected. Queue prediction is further employed to compute the optimal control strategies. A real-world network over three consecutive intersections is constructed in SUMO to verify the proposed control framework. The proposed TSP control framework significantly decreases the delay of trams by 50% compared to a general TSP.

This study analyzes the impact of the transport capacity in operation, one of the indicators of railway service level, on the demand and the profitability of the railway business in Bangkok, setting two different management scenarios. The results showed that as transport capacity increased, demand on the route also increased, improving the profitability of the operator. Under the state-owned method, the initial deficit was eliminated. In the net-cost and up-and-down separation methods, a 20% increase in transport capacity resulted in a 30-year shorter break-even point, a 40-year shorter multi-year turnaround year and up to approximately 1.5 times higher single-year revenues. Therefore, it was concluded that increased transport capacity would not only be more convenient for users but would also generate more revenue for operators than the costs involved.

Total travel time, including the waiting time, is a key parameter among the factors affecting the mode choice behaviour of commuters. Therefore, this study investigates the average waiting time of a bus passenger on selected rural roads. The dwell time of a bus at a given bus stop is modelled considering the number of boarding and alighting passengers. According to the analysis, the average waiting time for a single bus route is calculated around ten minutes while it is around five minutes for the roads where two bus routes are operating. Further, the operational cost of a bus in the selected route is identified as 463.66 LKR/km and the load factor is identified as 1.52. The results of the analysis suggest that to avoid the overloading of the buses, the bus fare has to be increased from 21.8% and the headway between the buses can be reduced from 3 minutes.

The present work aims to identify critical bus stops by analyzing spatial patterns associated with bus journey time at different temporal scales using historical GPS trajectory data collected from existing bus route network in Kolkata city, India. Statistical KS test was used to decide the temporal scale for analysis, and the existence of spatial patterns were visually checked with a natural breaks map. Moran’s I-index was instrumental in finding overall spatial pattern and LISA method was adopted to identify the critical bus stops (high journey time and/or high variability). Result shows the presence of two separate sets of critical bus stops during peak and lean periods. The reason for criticality varies depending on both type of criticality (whether a critical bus stop is making subsequent bus stops critical or not) and time-period of occurrence. Such insights may guide the operators and policymakers in formulating suitable strategies for improving bus service.

Malaysia has a wide range of public transport as an alternative to help people get a cheap and safe mode of transportation. However, first and last-mile connectivity is always an issue that always arises. At one time, the government is considering allowing the three-wheeled vehicle to be used in Malaysia. Consequently, a study was conducted to investigate the public acceptance of three-wheeled vehicles as one of the transport modes. Not even half of the respondents accept the idea of using the three-wheelers in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors affecting the acceptance of three-wheeled vehicles as one of the public transport modes in Malaysia. The study concluded that the influencing factors are income, distance to the nearest public transport facilities and experience of using the vehicle abroad. Despite that, the Malaysian government is yet to bring in powered three-wheelers in Malaysia.

In the past several years, working styles and commuting behavior in Tokyo, Japan have been changing. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these changes were accelerated as passengers reduced commuting frequency and shifted to higher rates of remote working. For the purpose of creating better railway policy, it is important gain a detailed understanding of such changes. Existing studies on this topic have not fully investigated changes in the relationship between commuting frequency and commuter pass holding. This study identifies individual passenger behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic using automatic ticket gate IC card data. The major contribution of the study is a quantitative examination of the relationship between commuter pass holding and decline in railway use frequency that occurred during COVID-19 pandemic by tracking individual passengers.

Global Positioning System in buses is installed with the purpose of tracking them and reducing the commuters’ waiting time to improve the perceived reliability of the service. But, inconsistencies of the tracking application may hamper the purpose and increase the disutility of the app as well as the bus service. Therefore, this paper firstly aims to check the consistency of the app from the users’ perspective by comparing the app data and manual data collected at the bus stops; secondly, compares the discrepancy in the reliability estimation by applying the measures recommended by Federal Highway Authority on the two datasets. Three bus routes in a metropolitan city of India, with GPS facilities installed, were selected as case study. It is observed that the waiting time of the app users is similar to those not using it. The discrepancy observed in reliability estimation is more than 50% for some bus routes.

It is widely known that train is a suitable mode of transport for commuting trips when supported by a good feeder service. However, the feeder condition is often not good enough to support train usage. This research aims to identify the effect of feeder service to train usage for commuters in Serang City. This research started by distributing online and offline questionnaires to 103 respondents. Collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and binomial logistic regression with a 95% confidence level. According to the statistical result, feeder affects train usage, especially service coverage of angkot (small vehicle feeder) and paratransit comfort.

This research examines the management of retail space in stations between the Airport Rail Link and Bangkok Transit System in an effort to improve the effectiveness of metro’s commuting during rush hour. The studies have shown the Airport Rail Link's retail outlets pose a risk of disrupting rush-hour passenger traffic and limiting access to the platform due to several retail stores located on the site. This research aims to explain the relationship between the location and behavior of metro’s riders in order to analyze the optimal location of retail stores and queuing arrangements to maximize space utilization on metro’s. Using network analysis based on centrality analysis theory and the Urban Network Analysis (UNA) were employed, to determine the areas that most likely to have the highest density. In addition, the survey results of the queue characteristics of each shop in the study area and the points that cause the link area's density were also analyzed. The study found that adjusting the queueing area in front of a retail store and the size of the store based on the number of store customers will assist in reducing the number of commuters using the train during rush hour.

The lack of formal and reliable public transport services in developing countries lead to the proliferation of paratransit modes which can be informal and loosely regulated. In Puerto Princesa City, Philippines where tricycles-for-hire dominate the public transportation system of the city, a study was done to determine the on-ground operational characteristics of different tricycle operators using Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The socioeconomic profile of tricycle sector-dependent households was also determined through a Household Profiling Survey. The study revealed that most tricycle driver-headed households belong to the lower-income classes. In terms of tricycle-for-hire operations, the distances for many trips are short, and certain clustering across tricycle operators exists based on their key performance indicators. The results can be shown to policymakers on how to plan service areas or zones for tricycles, and the additional support they can give to increase earnings.

Many community buses in Japan are characterized by their one-way circular routes with long travel distances, in order to maintain fairness of mobility to citizens, in which almost citizens can ride them at any area. However, such routes are convenient on the way to go, but inconvenient on the way back, and it is essential to understand the actual situation focusing on round-trip usages. A logistic regression analysis was therefore conducted on “Kururin-bus”, which operated in Nisshin City, Aichi Prefecture, in order to understand the relationship between the route characteristics between bus ODs and round-trip usages. As a result, it was found that the both-direction route, average travel time, round-trip fare, average detour rate, and nearby facilities were related to round-trip usages.

Bus bunching for public transport (PT) services is a phenomenon where buses scheduled at even intervals along a route bunch together forming platoons, undermining the reliability of the PT system. This study proposes a short-turning bus schedule design (SBSD) problem with the objective of minimizing the excess waiting time (EWT) of passengers and the operating cost of transit operators. The SBSD problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINP) model incorporating the microscopic traffic simulation based on PTV VISSIM mimicking bus operations considering road traffic conditions. The surrogate optimization algorithm (SOA) is utilized to solve the SBSD problem without an explicit expression. Numerical experiments have been conducted and have shown that the objective can be improved potentially by a 6-15% of cost reduction, evaluated within a sensible time frame. A real experiment of SBS Transit Route 53 in Singapore is modeled, and also produces an improved objective function.

This study examined how low-income individuals commute in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. A questionnaire-based interview was conducted with 475 factory workers in Phnom Penh between August 16-25, 2022. Results showed that the dominant travel modes were locally adapted, modified, and advanced transport (LAMAT), i.e., auto-rickshaws, long-tailed Remorks, and trucks, accounting for 38.5%, followed by motorcycles (35.2%), and walking (24.6%). Users of motorcycles had a shorter travel distance and time but higher monthly travel expenses than those who used LAMAT (p < 0.01). Individual income level did not influence the use of different travel modes (p > 0.05). Workers also expressed concerns with their current travel modes and walking environment and offered suggestions regarding their daily commute. This study highlighted the importance of low-cost public transport services (e.g., LAMAT, public bus) for low-income urban residents, and the findings serve as guidance for urban transport planning and policy.

Transfer service level is developed and applied boarding and alighting facilities facility at multiple transfer centers in this paper. Development and Application of Transfer Service Level for Layout Criteria are location issues between a main mode and access modes in terms of the boarding and alighting facilities facility one another. The total distance between them has been suggested to be minimized. In the distance calculation stairs are considered to be more difficult than open space. On the other hand, an escalator and an elevator are treated as easier than open space. Considering the number of people between boarding and alighting facilities, the weighted average distance is suggested to be a M.O.E(Measure of effectiveness) for layout criteria at multiple transfer centers. The layout criteria of an access mode’s boarding and alighting facilities is the concept of placing access mode that is frequently used by passengers closest to each other. Finally, Development and Application of Transfer Service Level for layout criteria are applied to the existing Gimpo airport terminal and some improvement ideas are suggested.

The limitations of the current freeway traffic information collection system are being evaluated, and a more optimal system that can meet the needs of the future traffic environment is being sought. To address these system and service needs, we propose the development of an on-board based incident detection system using artificial intelligence, to improve the efficiency of traffic management on highways and respond to emergencies more quickly. The developed system uses in-vehicle cameras mounted on expressway service patrol vehicles to detect incidents, and includes a detection algorithm and a dataset specifically designed for this purpose. We demonstrate the feasibility of our algorithm using a dataset obtained from Korean expressways. Our main contributions include the development of a comprehensive system for detecting emergencies on highways, the creation of a dataset and detection algorithm specifically designed for this task, and the successful demonstration of the algorithm using real-world data.

In pavement management system, evaluating the pavement condition is an essential step in determining the appropriate rehabilitation strategy to use for a pavement. However, it remains a challenging task due to the intensity inhomogeneity of cracks and complexity of the background. These conditions are a limiting factor when working with computer vision systems based on conventional digital image processing methods. In this study, the developed crack detection model relies on a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) image classification algorithm. For this work, a dataset with 40.000 images of concrete surfaces balanced between images with and without cracks was used. In each experiment, the model’s accuracy was recorded to identify the best result. For the dataset used in this work, the best experiment yielded a model with accuracy of 95.99%, showcasing the potential of using deep learning for concrete crack detection.

Fatigue damage is one of the most severe types of deterioration in asphalt pavement. It occurs as a consequence of over-repeated traffic loading. Research on fatigue characteristics of asphalt concrete is necessary to enhance the performance of asphalt pavement. This research aims at implementing fatigue index, which is known as a newly developed screening method, to assess the fatigue property of asphalt concrete in terms of variation in air void contents. The results presented that fatigue index can effectively discriminate the asphalt concrete based on its fatigue resistance. Asphalt mixes with lower air voids tend to express higher fatigue resistance. A good correlation between fatigue index and toughness index was also found when considering air void aspect of asphalt concrete.

Despite their effectiveness, asphalt modifiers have unintended consequences and do not meet all the functional requirements of asphalt binders, such as workability, storage stability, cracking resistance, fatigue performance, and permanent deformation. As a potential remedy for the negative issues associated with asphalt modification, hybrid modification is being studied. This research looked at the effects of a hybrid modification of nano-Al₂O₃ and crumb rubber (CR) on the performance of gap-graded asphalt concrete since gap gradation provided adequate space for CR particles to integrate into the asphalt concrete matrix. The asphalt concrete samples were evaluated for moisture damage, cracking, permanent deformation, and abrasion resistance. The result revealed that asphalt binders made with a mix of nano-Al₂O₃, and CR were much stiffer than those made with CR alone. The hybrid modification of nano-Al₂O₃ and CR improves permanent deformation performance, raveling resistance, cracking tolerance, and moisture damage resistance.

The design speed of a highway is used to design its geometric features, which in turn affect vehicle operating speeds. However, operating speeds also depend on driver behavior, which is not uniform and is affected by the highway's features. This research examines this relationship by first applying multivariate linear regression and backward step regression to speed behavior - modeled as the difference between the operating and design speeds - and road feature data from a semi-urban mountainous highway in Nepal, and then develops statistical models for predicting speed behavior for different vehicle categories. The results showed that all geometric features had a significant effect on the speed behavior, and the prediction model for the all-vehicle category using backward step regression was found to be the most accurate. The developed models can be applied to predict the speed behavior for other road sections and support safety management and improvement works.

About 25-30% of fatal crashes occur on horizontal curves, with 60-70% as single-vehicle run-off-road (ROR) crashes. Driver errors are one of the primary reasons for such crashes resulting from inexperience, distraction, and poor perception. This study evaluated the effects of drivers' age, type, experience, education, use of eyeglasses, and radii of consecutive curves on their ability to distinguish differences in curve sharpness. The preliminary survey revealed that static and dynamic curve presentation methods are statistically comparable. Fifty-seven 3D static consecutive curve combinations of four-lane divided highways were developed using AutoCAD® Civil 3D to record driver responses. Confusion matrices for the curve combinations were estimated to examine false negative rates (FNR) of driver groups. The results revealed that socio-demographic and experience factors do not influence drivers' FNR. Critical curve combinations were identified based on FNR, which could be beneficial in geometric design for improving consistency and safety.

In Japan and other countries, sections of expressways are opened as provisional two-lane expressways to facilitate the early development of expressway networks. Although this is beneficial in lowering initial expenses, the impact of number of lanes on traffic accidents is not yet clear. Hence the goal of this study was to analyze the risk of traffic accidents on provisional two-lane expressways in Japan. To minimize the effects of human factors such as fatigue and local environmental factors such as dynamic traffic conditions, we concentrated on the boundaries where the number of lanes varies within the same route à la regression discontinuity design. According to the estimation findings using generalized linear models, the risk of traffic accidents is higher on provisional two-lane expressways than it is on four-lane expressways around the boundaries.

In Hokkaido, Japan, in winter, poor road visibility occurs due to snowstorm and snowfall, the risk of traffic restriction and crash increases. Snowfall information along the road is necessary to contribute to road safety. Aim of the present study is to explore applicability of precipitation intensity measured by XRAIN as snowfall information on the road. We investigated relationship between precipitation intensity and value of the WIPS measured by the CCTV Camera which shows road visibility conditions using cross-correlation analysis. As a result, under snowfall and snowstorm conditions, it was revealed that road visibility could be estimated by precipitation intensity. Whereas, time series of values of the WIPS and precipitation intensity was different under strong wind and slightly snowfall condition. In this case, it was also revealed that we should consider advection of snow particles in the air.

Increased traffic in emerging nations like India shortens flexible pavements' lifespan. Several modified binders have gained notice recently due to their high structural capacity. Modified binders emit more harmful gases and demand higher production temperatures. Researchers tried to create additives to lessen modified bitumen's issues and keep flexible pavements from deteriorating. This paper critically reviews geopolymers and crumb rubber (CR) modified binders and their use in pavement. Thus, CR binders with and without geopolymers must be examined structurally and physically. This work investigated geopolymer-modified CR viscosity. CR Binder with Geopolymers at 0%, 6%, 8%, and 10% tested on unaged and aged binders. Binder qualities were determined by softening point, penetration, and elastic recovery experiments. A Brookfield Rotational Viscometer (RV) was used to compare the binders' viscosity and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) determined the geopolymer's water loss. According to tests, CRMB's physical properties changed with geopolymer content. Adding 8% geopolymer enhanced conventional properties and lowered mixing and compaction temperatures.

Countries around the world have had a gradual increase in the length of Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement overlaid with hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures in recent years. Evaluation of asphalt overlaid PCC (HMA/PCC) composite pavements is essential to pavement engineers when selecting rehabilitation strategies. Deflection test data is traditionally applied to assess the structural integrity of composite pavements for monitoring their performance. However, available tools for composite pavement are limited in their ability to adequately explain the behavior of composite pavements. A direct and simple procedure is proposed in this study to evaluate the structural performance of HMA/PCC composite pavements. This approach is built on an elastic layer theory to calculate the deflections to consider the influence of the HMA layer overlaid PCC. Test sites using deflection data collected on HMA/PCC composite pavements indicate that the analytic procedures produce reasonable results that are consistent with those obtained from field.

Rutting is an important problem related to road asphalt pavement distress. The use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has been one of the alternatives to improve the rutting performance of asphalt. Bioasphalt can be used to rejuvenate the quality of aged bitumen in RAP. This research aims to measure the rutting performance of hot mix asphalt containing RAP and Bioasphalt Bitutech RAP (BioBT) and bioasphalt coconut shell (BioCS) using Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device. The results show mixtures with BioCS have better rutting resistance than those with BioBT. Preliminary rutting models obtained however indicate mixtures with BioBT have stronger correlation to RAP content in mixture. The higher the RAP content is, the lower rutting resistance BioBT mixtures have. On the other hand, rutting resistance of BioCS mixtures at 45°C is increased with the addition of RAP.

The present works reports an investigation on curling behavior of concrete overlay due to variation in temperature throughout the day. Temperature data was recorded continuously from a concrete overlay constructed in India and instrumented with a number of temperature sensors. The variation of temperature is found to be nonlinear throughout the day with positive gradient during 8AM to 7PM and negative gradient during 8PM to 7AM. The nonlinearity is more pronounced during day time than during the night time. A finite element model is developed for the analysis of the concrete overlay system due to the effect of temperature gradients as recorded from field. The results indicated that the slab bottom at the interior experiences maximum tensile curling stresses for a much longer period of time, whereas the top corner is experiencing tensile curling stress from 6PM to 8AM, indicating the possible duration of top-down cracking at corner.