A computer system for the real-time stereography of crystal structures has been developed, using NEC PC-9801VM personal computer. By this system, we can observed stereographycally the 3-dimensional framework of a crystal from the most suitable direction. This implies that the system contribute to the education of crystallography and crystal chemistry.

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Example sentences for geowriting are cited from“Chigaku eigo (English for Geowriting) ”written by Ryohei Ota, one of the authors. We convert them into MS-DOS text files. So geology students can easily write their English compositions by making reference to them in the word processor with word-search and multi-window functions.

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It is difficult and is required much time to obtain the data from the image of the wave which described on the penrecorder chart. If we can get data from the chart, it is useful for data processing of wave data.
In this paper, acquired method of wave data from the chart is discussed, and presented itscomputer program (subroutine) .

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Geology is a field science and all of its theories or principles must be based on the field evidences. Lap top type computer is a good tool for computer-aided abduction in the field geology. Slope disasters of so-called shirasu, i.e. non-welded pyroclastic flow deposits are investigated in the field with multivariate analysis, by which the main factors contributed to the slope failures can be easily selected. Therefore we can increase sufficient efficiency for field survey and get some suggestions for new idea.

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In this paper, we presented the principle and the BASIC program for plots of orientation data, drawing contour of distribution density and clustering on the stereographic nets (the Schmidt's and the Wulff's net) . The principle of clustering is based on the Schaeben (1984) 's principle of hill climbing'procedure. The converted grid data are contoured on the screen of a personal computer using the subroutine *CONTOUR.

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In this paper, we presented analytic expression for a“separation”of a reference plane which is separated by a fault movement.
When a reference plane is separated by a fault movement of a net slip v, the plane is expressed by e⋅ (x-x_F) =0 in the foot wall, and by e⋅ (x-x_F) =e⋅v in the hanging wall, where e is an unit vector normal to the reference plane and x_F is a location of the outcrop of the reference plane in the foot wall. If we find two outcrops of the same plane in both sides of a fault (x_F in the foot wall and x_H in the hanging wall), we can know a component of a net slip v in the direction paralell to the vector e; e⋅v=e⋅ (x_H-x_F) or (e⋅s_f) S+ (e⋅d_f) D=e⋅ (x_H-x_F), where vectors S_f and d_f are unit vectors paralell to the strike and dip of the fault plane, respectively, and S and D are strike slip and dip slip compoments of a net slip v.
If we observe two sets of“separation”, we can konw the net slip v.

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We present a new method to evaluate a net slip along a fault on the basis of numericalexpression for various types of data related to the fault movement (offsets of a point, a lineand a plane, striation and others) .
A fault plane is expressed by three unit vectors : S_f which is parallel to the strike of the fault plane, d_f which is paralell to the dip of the plane and e_f which is oriented in the direction normal to the plane. Then, a net slip v is expressed by v=Ss_f+Dd_f, where S and D are strike slip and dip slip components of a net slip v, respectively, and various types of data are soformulated as the relation between S and D including inequalities.
These relations are displayed as points, lines or limited areas on a 2-dimensional graph with S-axis (abcissa) and D-axis (ordinate) or S-D diargam. A net slip is evaluated on the bases of both expressions of relation between S and D, and plots on S-D diagram.

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An expart system Which correlates volcanic ash layer is developed for studying the applicability of such techniques to geologic ploblems. Several example correlations by using the system show good results. As a result, it is suggested that the expart system is well applicable to geologic problems.

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A classification scheme for volcanic rocks based on chemical composition is guided by Irvine and Varagar. Their scheme reveals the major chemical group (subalkaline or alkaline), the chemical series (tholeiitic or calcalkaline for subalkaline rocks, and sodic or potassic for alkaline rocks), and the rock name. Equations to classify volcanic rocks are led from silica-alkalies plots, alkalies-total Feo-Mgo plots, normative Ol-Ne-Q plots, normative An-Ab-Or plots, normative color index-normative plagioclase composition plots and normative plagioclase composition-Al₂O₃ plots. The computer program for the classification of volcanic rocks is written in BASIC, and is composed of eight subprograms: four subprograms for subalkaline rock classification: three subprograms for alkaline rock classification.The results applied this program to four volcanic rocks are shown. This program classifies volcanic rock realistically and reliably.

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The results for the major chemical groups (alkaline, subalkaline) classified according to Irvine and Varagar's volcanic rock classification scheme were tested by discriminant analysis. For this purpose, 146 major chemical analysis data of volcanic rock samples were used. In these data, 68 samples were classified as subalkaline group, 78 samples were classified as subalkaline group by Irvine and Varagar's volcanic rock classification scheme.
There are two methods by means of linear discriminant function and quadratic discriminant function in discriminant analysis. The discriminant analyses using two functions were adopted for the two major chemical groups classified as alkaline and subalkaline.
The number of error discriminations is 4 for subalkaline group, and is 0 for alkaline group in linear discriminant function analysis. The correct discriminations are 89.7% and 100% for subalkaline and alkaline groups, respectively. The mean error discrimination is 4.7%. In discriminant analysis using quadratic function, the number of error discriminations are 4 and 2 for subalkaline and alkaline groups, respectively. The correct discriminations for subalkaline and alkalinegroups are 94.1% and 97.4%, respectively.The mean error discrimination is 4.0%. The number of error discriminations are very few in discriminant analyses using both linear and quaratic functions. The probability of correct classification for two groups is more than about 90%. It is estimated that Irvine and varagar's volcanic rock classification scheme can be classified major chemical group reliably.

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The JAFOV contains data on fossil specimens deposited in the Kyoto University and those of Proboscidea being kept in museams and institues. It is a prototype database and is not yet sufficient to be used for actual researches of vertebrate paleontology since only restricted specimens are included. It is now planned to input data moreover on fossil marine mammals, Quaternary rodents, unpublished specimens and models for reference in the near future. The format of data sheet was updated, and a program was developed to decode data in the database into the data sheet format for examining input data.

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It is difficult to make geological investigations under alluvial plains. For these investigations, it is very important to accumulate boring data for constructions.
Therefore, we are going to proceed with constructions of the multiple database on subsurface geological data in the Osaka plains.
Geological column data and standard penetration test data (N-value) are boring data in general use. In the first place we began to inculde these data in this database.
So we made BASIC programs for geological column data and standard penetration test data. These programs are easy to input these data, and are able to output geological columns to momter display or X-Y plotter by locational retrieval.

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We are going to proceed with constructions of the multiple database on ground data in the Osaka plains. Ground subsidence data is very important as one of the multiple ground database. The groundsurface in Osaka City subsided considerably from the 1930's to the 1960's, but now doesn't so much. These subsidence data are recorded in a ledger of precise leveling data.
We attempted to include these subsidence data in the multiple database of Osaka, and to make an animation of block diagrams for subsidence cumulative data. This animation is easy to understand subsidence in Osaka City.

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To evaluate about the safety of the space under the ground, it is made use of the Finite Elements Method and etc. But, on thier analysis model, enough informations are not considered about the data by the geological surveies. Normally, the mechanical charactaristics of rock masses are influenced by existence of faults, joints and cracks.
This study has the new suggestion to deal this problem. In situ, the geological surveies give a many informations about the earth. As one of them, there are the survaies about the distribution of the crack lines on the heigh wall. Now, it generalize the data with length and thier directions as the Fractal phenomena. And a new technique to simulate about crack lines on a plane has been developed. The study is based on a consideration of Fractal Criterion with the structure of self-similarity and contraction mapping.
It is one of useful technique to convert from the analogic-data to digitals in geology.

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The length of the crack lines are in Fractals with thier accumulated frequency. The crack paint is given on the middle point of a crack line. At the field on the self-similarity and contraction mPPING, the crack point is a key point with the charactaristic of cracks on its regions. After these crack points were looked upon as the summits of Delaunay triangles, it calculate Voronoi's polygons. lf the crack points are not enough, the area of the polygon becomes more larger.
The energy to colups a light mass is smaller than the heavy ones. Then, the polygons look upon as a finite elements. After the analysis, distributed pattern of broken hinge (edge) whichare the interfaces of polygons is similer to charastaristic of observed crack lines on a rock wall. This paper is a note of the geologycal information about themodeling of finite elements which is based on the“Rigid Body Spring Model”proposed by KAWAI.

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A versatile processing system for the basicmarine geophysics data was developed. We call this system MAGBAT (Marine Geophysics Basic Tool) . MAGBAT is easy to use with multi function, programmed with modular subroutines, and free to be copied to the other institute.

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The shape of geologic surface is expressed as a grid spaced data converted by the use of various interpolation methods, and is displayed as contour maps and as block diagrams. These displays can be used for geometrical interpretation and hand-extraction of geologic structures.
This paper presents the method for extraction of geologic structures from grid data for the geologic surface by means of digital filters used in the Digital lmage Processing. Digital filtering equivalent to geometrical operations in hand-extraction from the contour map can reveals informations on general trend of geologic surface, faults, concealed faults, and so on.
Problems related to accuracy and evaluation of the results are also discussed.

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This paper shows how to improve R2GMAP. (2) program introduced on the Geological Data Processing, No.10, 1985, for business use on a miniature micro computer system, and how to correct problematic points of the program.
The improved program in this paper, is applied on any micro-computer system, minimum memory size is 64K byte.

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Shiono et al. (1985) 's BASIC program was revised in order to improve the efficiency of geological data processing. In addtion to change of contouring algorithm, two subroutines are added to the program: one is for drawing a frame of the display-area and a comment (*FRAME) and the other is for plotting two types of observed data (*PLOT.DATAI for normal xyz-data and *PLOT.DATA 2 for gologic data) . As observed data are displayed on the contour map, it becomes easy to compare the interpolation results with the original data which are used forthe interpolation.

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In this paper, we presented the principles and the BASIC program for drawing three-dimensional color painted contour map of grid data on the screen of the personal computer.
One of the most characteristic function of the program is to show a three-dimensional contour map as a color-pattern diagram by painting gaps between neighboring contours by the assigned color.

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This paper presents the principles and the BASIC program for three-dimensional color-painted geological mapping on the screen of the personal computer.
This program consists of two parts: (1) geological mapping within the three-dimensional projected geomorphic surface by the block-diagram. (2) drawing geological section of the side of the block-diagram.

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We present the principle and the BASIC program of a new gridding method for the numerical determination of the optimal shape of a bedding plane using various types of geological field data, as a geological application of the non-linear optimization problem. The principle is similar to one in the previous paper (Shiono et al., 1986) .
We assume that no faults and overfolding exist i.e. the shape of a bedding plane is expressed by a single valued function z=f (x, y) . Geological data to be used consist of height-data and dip-data. Height-data include inequality type of data i.e. f (x_k, y_k) -z_k≤0 or f (x_k, y_k) -z_k≥0 locally and f (x, y) ≤V_max or f (x, y) ≥V_min regionally, as well as equality type i.e. f (x_k, y_k) -z_k=0. Dip-data are considered to give first derivatives of f (x, y) . We consider that these data give constraints of the function f (x, y), and select the smoothest function as the optimal bedding plane among functions which satisfy given data, using a functional J (f) : J (f) =m₁∫_R [f_x²+f_y²] dxdy+m₂∫_R [f_xx²+2f_xy²+f_yy²] dxdy as a measure of smoothness of a function f (x, y) .
Based on the principle, we present a BASIC program to (1) input obeserved data from file, (2) calculate the optimal bedding plane as a grid data, and (3) output the grid data into file.

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A method for modeling of grid data converted from irregularly spaced data provides a bird's-eye view or three dimensional structure that allows the geological interpreter to see landforms or geologic structures. This study examined two interpolation methods— (1) a method for moving random data in the center of the mesh and (2) a method of interpolation based on the principle of total minimum curvature. In addition, the first method was used to construct the summitlevel map of the area including the Himalaya range, the Tibet plateau and the Tien Shan range. The map revealed that while the southern slope of the Himalaya mountains is very steep, the topographic features of the Tibet zone are low-relief plateau and that the peneplain is left on the middle slope of the Tien Shan mountains. Furthermore, the isopleth maps of N values inthe Kyoto Basin were drawn by using the moving average method of interpolation.

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In this paper, we summarized the procedure for geological mapping by personal computer and presented an example of its application to field data obtained in Sanda basin, Kobe Prefecture. The flow of the procedure consists of five steps. First step is making a grid data file for the geomorphic surface in a studied area. Second step is compiling of field survey data. Third stepis a numerical determination of the optimal geological bedding surfaces by SHIONO et. al. (1987) 's principle. Fourth step is drawing the structure contour map. Last step is geological mapping or three-dimensional geological mapping on the computer graphics (MASUMOTO et. al., 1986·1987) .

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The computer assisted design (CAD) system for geological mapping (GEOMAP) has been developing since 1982. The system is composed of many program modules written by BASIC Ianguage, and some of them had been already published by the developers and distrubuted byfloppy files as the series of GEOPAK (geo-program pockage) -B85, B86 and B87. The authers explain the functions of each program modules at the present state and discuss future tasks in development of the system.

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