An algorithm to triangulate the two-dimensionally irregularly spaced points is explained. By using the algorithm, contour map can be obtained directly from the field observation data.

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This paper reports the method of Three-dimensional representation of a topographic map by contour line and programs for this purpose.
The method for this representation is perspective projection with three vanishing points. In this method, data for drawing the representation are not grid data, but coordinate data of points on the contour line. Therefore, it needs to make the program for reading those points on the contour map and for editing those data, in addition to program for drawing Threedimensional representation.
Programs which are reported are as follows;
(1) Program for data reading by Image-Scanner: “IMAGE. IN”
(2) Program for drawing three-dimensional map: “THREED”
(3) Program for data editing: “DEDITOR”

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In this paper, we presented the principle and the BASIC program to draw a geological structure in any vertical section, using the same grid data as we use to draw a geological map by Masumoto et al. (1986, 1987) 's programs. Use of grid data leads us to the geological sections which reflect exactly the geological structure all over the grid area.

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Shiono et al. (1986, 1987) presented a new gridding algorithm and a BASIC program for numerical determination of the continuous bedding plane, as a geological application of the non-linear optimization problem.
We present the principle and the BASIC Subroutine Program for determination of faulted bedding plane. The Fault line is divided into some segments, and x-y coodinates of the extream points of each segment are added to the Hight-data.

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Topographic analysis of the summit level map of the Himalaya-Tien Shan area was performed using topographic maps with a scale of 1: 1, 000, 000 and a 18.5km grid. The fractal dimension of the topographic surfaces in the Tien Shan territory, calculated by using the triangular prism surface area method, was higher than those of other territories. The results of the lst derivatives of the summit level data using the Sobel operator indicated that the Tibetan plateau is a low-relief and that the peneplain is located on the middle slope of the Tien Shan territory. In addition, the analysis of the slopes on the summit level map revealed that the slopes of the Tien Shan mountains and the Kunlun mountains dip in the N-S directions; those of the Tibetan plateau in the N-S, NE-SW and E-W directions; and those of the Himalaya mountains in the N-S to NNE-SSA directions. The structural trends of the Tibetan plateau are discordant to the general structural trends of the other territories.
A new approach was used to study the neighboring areas of Mt.Naimona'nyi based on the Landsat images.

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“GRAIN”and“EDGE”are softwares to analyze the size and shape of the grains in a binary digital image by the personal computer. Labeling of all grains in an image of spatial resolution of 256×256 and extraction of their boundary lines are automatically carried out by“GRAIN”. By using Gained-coded data of the boundary lines of thegrains output from “GRAIN”, “EDGE”calculates the size, position of gravity center and bestfitted ellipse for each grain.

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Application programs calculating the Fourier descriptors and fractal dimension for plane closed curve are presented. The Fourier descriptors are coefficients of the Fourier transform with an arc-length coordinate which enables to apply the plane closed curve with complex geometry of more than two-valued function in the normal polar coordinate. Fractal dimension will be another type of grain shape characterization method. we use the simplest method in which the Fractal dimension, D is defined by -d (log N) /d (log b), where N is the segment numberwith divider opening of b.

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Zircon crystal forms can be described quantitatively using the measurable dimensions of the crystal faces, when viewed from the direction normal to a {110} or m {100} . For each crystal placed so that the wider face of the prism is horizontal, four indexes are calculated using 22 location data: Flatness Index is the ratio of the total thickness to the total width, Elongation Index is the ratio of the height of a {110} to the sum of that height and the total width, Prism Index is the ratio of the width of m {100} to the total width of prism, and Pyramid Index is the ratio of the height of pyramid to the ideal height of u {301} . All these indexes range from 0 to 1, and are almost unchangeable depending on the two different directions of observation.
This system can be easily describe the zircon crystal form data.
Requirements: PC-9801 computer (except 96K video RAM unit) with 384K main RAM, high resolution monitor, A5 size digitizer and printer.

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Acomputer system has been developed to process geochemical data. The processed data are plotted onto each of square, cube, triangle and tetrahedron. The result using a square or a triangle is instinctly shown on the computer display. On the contrary, the result using a cube and a tetrahedron is given as a stereoimage pair for the 3-dimensional view. A user can choose interactively a component (or a component assemblage) corresponding to each axis or apex. It is expected that the interactive system gives us many valuable suggestions in the geochemical discussion.

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The Takakusayama and Ryusozan district are located on the northwestern cost region of Suruga Bay in Central Japan. The district is situated geologically in the southwest margin of the Fossa Magna Region. The Itoigawa Shizuoka and Jyumaiyama Tectonic Lines extend from the north in the Shimizu district to the south in the Shizuoka district, which are the western boundary faults of the Fossa Magna Region.
The Takakusayama Group is chiefly composed of the volcanic rocks of late Early Miocene age. The group is divided into the Ryusozan and Ookuzure Formation. The Ryusozan Formation is distributed in the eastern part of the Ookuzure area and the Ryusozan-Jyumaisan mountain range. The Ookuzure formation is exposed in the western part of the Ookuzure kaigan area and Takakusayama area. The Takakusayama Group are composed mainly of alkali basalt pillow and massivelavas, and were formed by the submarine eruption in the southeastern part of the Setogawa Terrain.
The data using in this article were from the previous works of Tiba (1966), Ikeda (1978) and Sugiyama et al. (1982) . The fifty seven data (Tiba, 1966; Sugiyama, 1982) brought from the Ookuzure and the Ryusozan Formation, the twenty three data (Ikeda, 1978) brought froln the Ryusozan Formation.
The Writer reclassified these eighty two igneous rocks according to Irvine and Baragar's classification scheme, and discussed the result of these classification.

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Computer-aided database system for geological museum specimens, “GEMS”, is on the way of revision in the Geological Survey of Japan, being based upon its first small in-house version of“GEMS-I”, developed in 1975.
In the revised “GEMS-II” system, the data-file is described in dual language system of English and Japanese. Selected fundamental attributes are registration number, sample name, locality, collector's name, etc. Completed work-files are stored and handled under the hardware-software environments of RIPS, which is the centralized host computer system in the Agency of Industrial Science of Teachnology (AIST), MITT, in Tsukuba Science City.
Routine retrieval jobs are available through the individual user terminals either on-line mode or batch mode, while file maintenance works are limited only by the curators.
After the nearest future of final completion, this advanced system should be helpful to the most of researchers for supporting the adequate use of more than 70, 000 items of the collection in the Geological Museum.

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Paleo-stress fields are often deduced from a set of conjugate faults. The maximum and minimum principal stress axes are obtained from the acute- and obtuse-bisector of the conjugate set with the BASIC program “FAULT”; and the intermediate axis is the intersection of the set. Faults in one bed contain some newer faults generated in the newer geologic age of the bed. So in order to know the paleo-stress field of the age of the bed, newer faults must be filterd out. The faults generated in the geologic age of the bed can be inferred from thedifference between the contour diagram of faults in one bed and that of faults in newer bed with BASIC program “STEREO”.

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Using a technique with computational methods, the organization of the topographical linearments, the geological fissures and others as the structural discontinuities of the earth were simulated on the new morphological models.
It has developed a new net model with geometrical polygons on the Voronoi regions as Finite Element Model. After the results, the characteristics of their statistical parameters show good answers and adaptations about the simulations as the linearments on the topographical surface, crack-lines on the rock-bodies and etc. Especially, presented patterns of fractal slipped lines had in native. On this studies as the plane problem, the new experiences produced several good informations for the way to approach the geological structures on the earth.

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New electrical techniques using not only surface arrays but also hole-to-surface and cross-hole solid arrays would become increasingly important exploration tools for detection of deep or small mineral deposits, energy and groundwater resources and fracture zones, and also monitoring groundwater contamination, nuclear waste repository and various changes of earth structures with time or energy given by naturally or artificially. This paper begins with a brief review of the more commonly use of sensitivity distribution information processing including personal computer system. Next, three kinds of electrode array have been chosen to illustrate the range of application to practical problems, for an example, the selection of effective electrode configrations to detect the response (signal) due to target inhomogeneities. Consequently, an successful inversion technique is shown of hole-to-surface computerized section in interpretation process for detecting the presence of massive target modeled by a conductive sphere in resistive host rocks.

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Non-welded pyroclastic deposits, so-called“shirasu”are widely distributed in South Kyushu. Slope disaster often occurs in this area due to heavy rain. So it is expected to make hazardmaps to predict such a disaster. There are many factors of slope failures; such as steepness of slope, slope type, landuse, vesitation, presence of air-fall deposits and so on.
We must judge from these factors that the slope may collapse or not. The estimation expertsystem such as“Cogito”is a good tool for these judgement.

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We reviewed basic concepts of a binary relation and related mathematics, including a settheory and applied algebra for computer sciences, and showed, through some examples, that the mathematics gives a usefull tool to formulate exactly concepts and descriptions in geologywhich have been expressed by natural languages. Further, as a practical example, we analyzedlogical processes that geologists reconstruct a time-sequential order of geological bodiesbased on observations of outcrops, using mathematical concepts such as a function, an equivalence relation, a partial ordering, a partition of a set and a quotient set.
This work is the first step to formulate a logical system for geology in a mathematical formwhich is acceptable by computer, and will be expected to lead us to a construction of the Artificial Intelligence system for geology.

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