This is a study on the nurture environment and body-awareness in 3-year old children. Results were as follows.
1) The nurtere environment showed no significant influence on the awareness of body parts in children.
2) All the subjects drew the body image B (the second picture) larger in size than the body image A (the first one). The body image drawn by the home nursed children were larger in size than those by the nursery subjects.
The drawing points were higher in the body image B than in image the A of both home nursed and nursery subjects. The 24-hour nursery subjects, however, did not show such a definite tendency.
The development of drawing ability was not significantly influenced by nurture environment. Until the age of 3 and a half they were not able to draw hands and feet. The 24-hour nursery subjects mostly could not draw body parts even after the age of 3 and a half.

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The purpose of this study was to discuss the relationship between the initial stage of fundamental movements and motor abilities of children aged over 4 years. The subjects were 376 children aged from 4 to 6 years. The initial stage of fundamental movement was determined by analyzing the parents responses to questionnaire. The fundamental movement items in this questionnaire consisted of 24 types of movements. The items in the motor performance test were as follows: running (25m), standing long jump, sequence jumping and softball throwing.
There was a significant relationship between the initial stage of some of the fundamental movements and some motor abilities in each age group. In other words, the motor abilities of the children who started the movement from the early initial stage were superior to those of the others. The rates of the significant relationship in each age were as follows: 20.8% (age 4), 50.0% (age 5), 20.8% (age 6). The relationship in 5 years old children showed relatively high rate, and it was observed in 5-year-old children that the twenty-five-meter running record related to the initial stage of the fundamental movements. The rate of significant relationship in the performance of 6 year-old children decreased more than that of the 5-year-old children.

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This paper is to discuss the sequence of age at MPV of height and weight in male athletes. In order to determine the age at MPV (Maximum Peak Velocity), the WIM (Wavelet Interpolation Method) was applied to longitudinal height and weight growth data of ages 6 to 17, and they were determined in fifteen male athletes (basketball: 6, track and field: 9). As control group, the ages at MPV of height and weight in 100 males who have standard stature (169-175cm) were determined by the WIM as well. The age at MPV of height in athletes group occurred earlier than in control group. It is suggested that the male athletes are of earlier matured type. On the sequence of age at MPV of height and weight, it is inferred that the case of same sequence appears more frequently than the case of regular sequence in the male athletes.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between lifestyle and physical fitness of high school and university students. By means of questionnaire and physical fitness test, samples of lifestyle and fitness data were obtained from 5 groups: 65 high school male students who passed the entrance examination to H University, 198 freshmen in H University living with their family, 189 freshmen living alone, 64 sophomores living with their family, and 48 sophomores living alone. Furthermore, heart rates during daily activities in each 10 subjects among them were recorded continuously throughout day and night by using heart rate recorder.
As a result, university students, especially those who were living alone, showed such problems of living as keeping late hours without breakfast. However, such problems seem to have little influence on the physical fitness. University students had less daily physical activity than high school students had, because they could not compensate the reduction of their physical education hours. It is suggested that such a poor daily physical activity causes the stagnate fitness of the university students.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the lifestyle and mental health of male high school and university students. By means of questionaire, samples of lifestyle and KMI (Kyudai Medical Index) were obtained from 5 groups: 64 high school students, 196 university freshmen living with family, 183 freshmen living alone, 62 sophomores living with family, and 46 sophomores living alone. The results were as follows:
1. The total scores of KMI are those of high school students, sophomores living with family, freshmen living with family, freshmen living alone, and sophomores living alone respectively in order, from high to low score.
2. Whether students lived with family or alone, it affected their physical and mental health. Though the progress of grade did not affect their mental health, it affected their physical health.
3. The progress of grade and living form had little concern with the habit regularity.
4. The level of mental health based on KMI was independent of students' lifestyle, but largely depended on their trouble, stress, adaptability to the university life.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical activity level of inhabitants living in snowy and cold regions. Samples are 12 Japanese (Hokkaido) and 13 Russian (Sakhalin) middle-aged and elderly female subjects and their daytime heart rates were measured. Eight of Japanese subjects took a class in calisthenic exercise once a week and five of the Russian subjects in aerobic dance twice a week. The mean of daytime heart rate in the Russian subjects (82.7±5.2beats/min) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in the Japanese subjects (76.6±6.0beats/min). However, the result does not necessarily indicate that the Russian subjects are more active than the Japanese subjects since the difference was thought to have been caused by higher level of heart rate even at rest in the Russian subjects. During no-exercise days, only one of 13 Russian subjects and none of the 12 Japanese subjects satisfied the required intensity and duration of exercise essential for health maintenance that is recommended by American College of Sports Medicine (1990) or Japanese Ministry of Welfare (1989). The aerobic dance seemed to be effective for the maintenance of fitness since the heart rate in four of five subjects during aerobic exercise exceeded the target heart rate level for more than 20 minutes.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the motor play of children and its situations before and after three years of age. The questionnaire which consisted of 22 indoor-motor-play items, 20 outdoor-motor-play items and 11 motor-situation items was conducted on 1, 252 children's parents at 7 kindergartens in Fukuoka city. Changing patterns of motor play and its situations before and after three years of age were analyzed statistically. Obtained results are as follows;
1) The motor-plays which were chosen before age 3 were simple and inactive. While, the motor-plays which were chosen after age 3 required a high level of intellectual ability and motor coordination.
2) Mother's participation in their children's motor play decreased at around 3 years of age, but father's one did not change. The situations of motor play of children themselves and with their friends changed into the positive one.
3) In general, negative situations of motor play tended to increase frequency of indoor motor play and positive ones tended to increase the outdoor play. However, parents' participation in their children's motor play and gender difference of children partially influenced the relationship between specific motor play and its situations.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of practice of overarm throw (using tennis ball) for elementary school children by measuring throwing distance. Twelve boys and 15 girls in the 1st grade and 14 boys and 12 girls in the 4th grade had practiced overarm throw for 8 weeks according to predetermined instruction. The effect of practice on throwing distance was tested by using T-test. The contribution of the practice on the mean throwing distance, 10 months after the practice, was not significant although significant just after the practice.

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The aim of this study was to clarify the blood pressure regulation in preschool children by using blood pressure regulating reflex method, and to investigate the effect of activities carried out at the kindergarten on blood pressure regulation.
The survey was conducted on 35 children.
The following results were obtained:
1) “Well-regulated”: 11.4%, “poorly-regulated”: 57.1%, and “unmeasured”: 31.4%.
2) The elder grade children showed obvious variations in blood pressure compared to the middle grade children, and their sympathetic nervous systems were therefore thought to be more active.
3) However, it was suggested that these results were probably influenced by the children's activity prior to the measurements.

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Pre-school children play with their peers and grow wise and healthy. Children played themselves for 100 minutes soon after arrival at their kindergarden. This habit improved their motor abilities, behavior, unbalance of physical organs, and foot trouble.

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In this paper, the relationship between occlusion and physical function and physique of female students was examined. The abnormal occlusion group was inferior to normal occlusion group in some indexes of physical function, above all, in grip strength and lean body mass significantly (p<0.10). In physique, anterior cross-bite group was inferior in body weight, skinfold thickness, arm girth and thigh girth.

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