In this short paper, changing roles of memorials in contemporary public art is discussed. Firstly, Auguste Rodin's memorial for the City of Calais is focused as the start of modern thinking in the genre of public memorial art. His work in the City of Calais clearly denied the medieval concept of memorial as the political and authoritative representation, glorifying and simplifying whatever happening history experienced in the past. Secondly and thirdly, two most important memorials by contemporary young artists are examined in order to clarify, underlying controversies on their memorials. Maya Lin's famous Vietnam Veterans Memorial is analyzed from aspects of location, process of selection, and consecutive arguments for and against her design. Rachel Whiteread's Holocaust memorial in Vienna is examined to show how the memorial is conceived by the government, and its process of the competition. The reasons why Whiteread won the competition are explained. Then, controversies surrounding her work are discussed. Through the comparison of arguments about these two works of art, this paper intends to analyze and verify different approaches and similarities. Also, this paper tries to characteristics of memorials required in the modern society and to examine in social as well as public value they can offer to it.

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There is a growing tendency toward a new design of wind turbine in order to adapt itself for the landscape while it becomes popular. Three kinds of artistic wind turbines have appeared in Germany when they had EXPO in Hanover. The disposition of twenty wind turbines installed in 2001 is very beautiful in a bow-shaped style on the off-shore of Copenhagen, Denmark. The wind turbine has now possibility to transfer the message of human being as an installation as well as a machine to generate electricity. The aim of this paper is not only to introduce new designs in Europe but also to propose "vernacular design of wind turbine". From the viewpoint of energy-economic simulation, huge numbers of wind turbines will be installed in the world. For example, we will have 2,000 units of 1 MW wind turbine, whose height is around 100 m, in each prefecture in 50 years. The new design is now required so that wind turbines will be suitable for landscape. In addition, it is ideal that they will be able to send or propagate culture and information in the local area such as town, city and country. In order to keep the performance of machine and to display high quality of design in the vernacular style, the designers can tax their ingenuity for the shape of tower, its color and disposition. Some examples of vernacular design are described in this paper while the authors take small town in Tohoku area and the bay of Tokyo.

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Commissioned by the Toride city council in 2000 "The Toride Street Art Stage Project" is an attempt to bring art to the general public. Using stainless steel for its durability, a team from the Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music sculpture (metal) department and craft (metal hammering) department created an outdoor sculpture exhibit using structural components on several metal panels called "The Toride Street Art Stage" near the east entrance of the Toride Station. Led by associate professor KIDO Osamu, a group of students from the sculpture department collaborated on a written report, each of the eight chapters focusing on subjects such as management, collaboration, form, structure, material, casting, reaction and renewal. As each of the chapters is written by a student from one's own particular viewpoint, it is the report's intention to express collectively the project as a whole. Finding the unique challenges and the opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration in our project, a most rewarding experience, we hope that our presentation will contribute to the search for a new relationship between art and its environment.

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