This study aims to classify mothers based on diverse family environments and clarify their wage formation mechanisms. It also seeks to provide policy implications based on comparative analysis with Asian countries. PAM clustering was conducted by using a Gower distance matrix to classify mothers according to family environment. Then, multiple regression analysis was performed within each cluster to clarify their wage formation mechanisms, using family environment and employment characteristics as explanatory variables. The dataset used for empirical analysis was obtained from the Social Science Japan Data Archive at the University of Tokyo.

As a result, mothers were classified into three types: the Isolated Burden Type, the Cooperative Child-Rearing Type, and the Independent Nuclear Family Type. In all types, employment type (regular or non-regular) had the most significant impact on wages. In the Isolated Burden Type, co-residence with family members other than the spouse significantly reduced wages. In both the Cooperative Child-Rearing Type and the Independent Nuclear Family Type, time constraints and the total hours spent on child-rearing suppressed wages. These findings align with Gender Role Theory and Life Course Theory, reaffirming that wage formation mechanisms for mothers are shaped not only by employment market structures but also by social norms.

The study suggests the necessity of reforms that promote regular employment among mothers and reduce time constraints through flexible work arrangements and expanded child-rearing infrastructure.

This study examines e-Kanban adaptation in Indonesian manufacturing through case studies from both automotive and non-automotive industries. Using a qualitative approach with data from interviews, focus groups, and observations, the research identifies key challenges in system integration, production planning, and external disruptions such as demand fluctuations, natural disasters, and security risks. A thematic analysis emphasizes that resources, activities, business strategy, power and politics, and differentiation are critical for successful adaptation. The observations indicate that integrating e-Kanban with ERP, implementing RFID for item tracking, and developing contingency plans can mitigate operational risks and improve the supply chain responsiveness. This study contributes to understanding the digital transformation in manufacturing by demonstrating how firms across industries navigate e-Kanban adaptation under varying constraints.

Performance measurement has long been utilized for the purpose of providing feedback for decision-making in the formulation and execution of organizational strategies. However, maintaining alignment between an organization’s evolving context and its performance indicators remains a challenge, often preventing timely feedback for decision making. This study examines how a performance-indicator derivation approach, grounded in a matrix of organizational goals and strategies, can be integrated into the performance measurement lifecycle to enable the adaptive management of performance indicators. Focusing on the relationship between performance measurement and decision making, we conducted a case study to explore both the adaptive management of performance indicators and the impact of this approach on practitioners and decision makers. The results show that by linking organizational goals and strategies, it was enabled to maintain alignment between performance indicators and the organizational context throughout the performance measurement lifecycle. We also discussed the conditions in which adaptive management is effective, comparing with the use of performance indicators as internal controls. Adaptive management of performance measurement was found to have short-term benefits in terms of responding to change, but it was suggested that a balance with fixed performance indicators is needed in the long term stability.

Although bridging the attitude-behavior gap is extremely critical for marketing practice and research, knowledge on this issue remains scarce. Based on the dual-process theory, this study aimed to answer the following research question: “In a survey of everyday grocery purchase intentions, do people who intuitively respond quickly have a higher probability of actually purchasing the product?” This is because cheap consumer goods, such as groceries, are purchased habitually without consuming cognitive resources. Specifically, we conducted a pre-survey asking about purchasing attitudes and a post-survey confirming purchasing behavior for 1,000 people targeting green tea and coffee in Japan. As a result, the response time was in the order of true positives 1.159 seconds < false positives 1.281 seconds < true negatives 1.465 seconds. The pairwise Mann–Whitney test showed a significant difference, with a p-value<0.000 for both Group 1 – Group 2 and Group 1 – Group 3. Reaction times for true negatives were slowest, because people’s habitual decisions were based on choosing products to purchase and they were not accustomed to choosing not to purchase products. Based on the results, focusing on response time in industries where habitual purchasing behavior is the norm can improve response quality. As people who actually purchase products respond quickly, the response time of each group can be used as a threshold to determine the authenticity of purchasing behavior. This study compared attitudes determined in the pre-survey with behavioral results determined in the post-survey, demonstrating highly reliable results.