Objective : Langerhans cells form a network of immune competent cells in the epithelium of oral mucosa and alterations in their number on exposure to tobacco might impair mucosal immunologic protection against mutagens and can have a role in epithelial dysplasia and carcinoma.
Study design : Study was divided into 4 groups : formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues from group A without tobacco habit (normal mucosa), and other groups with tobacco habits, B (leukoplakia without dysplasia), C (leukoplakia with dysplasia) and D (Squamous cell carcinoma). LCs were detected by using immunohistochemical marker CD1a and cells were counted in the epithelium using ImagePro software.
Results : Comparision of mean LC count among study groups showed lesser number of LCs as compared to the normal mucosa. In carcinoma sections, LCs were least in number as compared to other groups. Quantitative analysis using Tukey test showed significant difference in LC count among study groups whereas Unpaired “t” test revealed non significant comparision of mean LC count between smokers and chewers.
Conclusion : Tobacco either in the form of smoking or chewing affects the peripheral immune arbiters of oral mucosa i.e. LCs.

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In this study, mice were immunized nasally with surface protein antigen A (SpaA) of Streptococcus sobrinus and cholera toxin, as a mucosal adjuvant. Immunization of mice with SpaA plus cholera toxin elicited significant levels of SpaA-specific IgG and IgA in serum, and mucosal IgA antibodies in saliva. Antibody-forming cell analysis confirmed the antibody titers by detecting high numbers of SpaA-specific antibody-forming cells in spleen and salivary glands. Furthermore, CD4⁺ T cells from spleen and cervical lymph nodes exhibited significant proliferative responses when restimulated with SpaA in vitro. Importantly, mice that were nasally immunized with SpaA plus cholera toxin exhibited significantly reduced oral colonization by S. sobrinus. These results show that nasal administration of SpaA is potentially an effective nasal vaccine against dental caries and reduces the colonization of S. sobrinus in the oral cavity.

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Objective : The present study aimed to compare and quantify the presence of Candida albicans in precancerous and cancerous oral mucosal lesions.
Materials & Methods : A total of 135 cases were studied [Group I, 45 cases of precancerous lesions ; Group II, 45 cases of malignant lesions ; and Group III, 45 cases of precancerous conditions such as lichen planus and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF)]. Three cytological smears were made from lesional tissue. One wet smear was made with 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution and the two other smears were stained with Gram's stain and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain. Colonies were cultured on Sabouraoud's dextrose agar (SDA) medium followed by quantification on a colony counter. Germ tube test confirmed the species as C. albicans.
Results : Using a two-way Anova test, a statistically significant association was found between C. albicans and precancer (p<0.05, p<0.01). Similarly, the frequency of oral yeast carriage was significantly greater (p<0.05, p<0.01) in the malignant lesions group than the precancerous lesions as well as precancerous conditions. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups of precancerous lesions and precancerous conditions.
Conclusion : The present results suggested a close correlation of Candida infections to leukoplakias and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), supporting an association between Candida species and oral neoplasia.

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Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which is also known as cyclin, is an intranuclear polypeptide of 36 kDa that shows peak synthesis during the S-phase of the cell cycle. PCNA is an auxiliary component of DNA polymerase-§ and appears in all proliferating cells. It plays an important role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, cell cycle progression and cell proliferation. PCNA is a marker of proliferation and may prove to be a useful objective indicator of the biological behavior of various tumors. Increased PCNA expression is observed as tissue progresses from normal epithelium to hyperplasia, to dysplasia and to squamous cell carcinoma. The aim of this study was to focus on the expression of PCNA in normal oral mucosa (NOM), leukoplakia with or without dysplasia and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and to investigate the effects of PCNA on oral epithelium due to long-term exposure. PCNA expression in NOM was significantly lower than that in leukoplakia with or without dysplasia and OSF, while PCNA expression in leukoplakia with epithelial dysplasia was significantly higher than that in leukoplakia without dysplasia. However, there were no significant differences between OSF and leukoplakia without dysplasia. In addition, greater durations of habitual areca quid chewing and tobacco smoking were associated with greater PCNA activity in the oral mucosa. The reasons for high expression of PCNA in leukoplakia with dysplasia, OSF and leukoplakia without dysplasia are unclear, but may be related to cell proliferation and unscheduled DNA synthesis or induction by the presence of tumor cells or growth factors.

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The materials of high molecular compounds have been widely used in the field of dental clinics. Although preparation of the tooth abutment and contamination of the metal fragments are known to cause the discoloration and injury in the periodontal tissues in the field of crown and bridge prosthodontic clinics, the changes by the precipitation of composite resin fragments have not been fully clarified, yet. In addition, diabetes mellitus has recently been increased because of an advanced age, life style and conditions, and also, the patients with diabetes have increased in dental clinics. Therefore, the present study was undertaken the histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses, in order to elucidate the changes of the periodontal tissues by injecting the composite resin fragments. The histopathological reactions of the periodontal tissues in both healthy (m+/m+) and diabetic (db/db) mice were also compared. Histopathologically, neutrophil infiltration was remarkably observed around the fragments of the composite resin at 3 days after the injection, and then, the formation of the granulation tissues with appearance of macrophages (foamy cells) at 7 and 14 days in m+/m+. Multinuclear giant cells were also observed at 14 days in m+/m+. In db/db, neutrophil infiltration was not so remarkable at 3 days, and relatively increase of the infiltration was observed at 7 days, and formation of the granulation tissues with appearance of the foamy cells at 14 days. The numbers of the mast cells, indicated metachromasia with toluidine blue pH 2.5 staining, peaked at 3 days and then decreased at 7 and 14 days in m+/m+, whereas the peak of the mast cells was at 7 days in db/db. Immunohistochemically, the peak cell rate of CD68-positive macrophage was found at 3 days after the injection, and the rate decreased at 7 and 14 days in m+/m+, whereas the rate gradually increased and showed the peak at 14 days after the injection in db/db. The peak of the cell rate of matrix metalloproteinase-2-positive macrophage was observed at 3 days, and the rates tended to gradually decrease at 7 and 14 days after the injection in m+/m+, whereas lower cell rate without peak point was recognized at each day in db/db. These results suggested that db/db showed delay of the process of biological reactions for the foreign bodies of the composite resin fragments compared to m+/m+. Furthermore, the delay of the reaction depended on the inhibition for the fibrosis accelerated by macrophages and mast cells.

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Deleted the article. and it was repeated placed.

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Sialolithiasis results from obstruction of salivary flow by a sialolith (salivary stone), which may be found anywhere in the ductal system. The incidence of this condition is higher in the submandibular glands, probably because of the anatomical form and physiological features. The present report describes the case of a healthy 54-year-old black female patient in whom a hardened, normochromic, painless swelling on the right side of the floor of the mouth was noticed during routine oral clinical examination. Occlusal radiography revealed an extensive elongated radiopacity in the submandibular region, in association with clinical characteristics suggesting salivary calculus. Surgery was performed to remove the sialolith, which measured 35mm×7.0mm. This case report is relevant due to the absence of symptoms in the presence of an extremely large sialolith.

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Scaffolds are important in engineering biomaterials for tissue and bone regeneration. In this study, a three-dimensional porous poly (lactic acid) (PLA) scaffold was fabricated using a method of salt leaching followed by freeze drying. A carboxylic acid group (COOH) was introduced onto all surfaces of a three-dimensional (3D) porous PLA scaffold (PLA-COOH) to test whether this polar organic acid had an effect on apatite attachment and deposition in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS, pH=7.4) compared to PLA alone. Water adsorption in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was also examined between PLA-COOH and PLA by varying immersion time to evaluate whether there is an effect of COOH on the rate and degree of degradation. In contrast to PLA scaffold alone that allowed for apatite deposition only on its surface, the PLA-COOH scaffold also allowed for apatite formation on the surface of the barrier walls within the pores of the scaffold. Although PBS immersion eventually degraded both porous PLA and PLA-COOH scaffolds, we did not observe any specific difference in the rate or degree of degradation between them. These results suggest that the COOH group introduced into the porous PLA scaffold is an improvement on the PLA biomaterial for effective and efficient bone regeneration.

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A 40-kDa outer membrane protein (HBP35) has been molecularly cloned from the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis 381. The predicted amino acid sequence of HBP35 consists of 344 amino acid residues, having a molecular weight of 37,559. In the latest computational analysis, a typical signal peptide was suggested to be present at the amino terminus of the protein. On Western blot analysis using an antibody against recombinant HBP35 (rHBP35), two protein bands were seen in crude extracts of the recombinant Escherichia coli. In addition, a lower molecular weight band was seen in the periplasmic fraction. The partial amino acid sequence of the lower molecular weight HBP35 was N-QELKTSADMKGSFKKNVVLE-C at the amino terminus and corresponded to the 22nd to 41st amino acids of the HBP35 protein. This indicates that there is a cleavage site for the signal peptide between the 21st and the 22nd residues. Immunostaining with the anti-rHBP35 antibody showed that the HBP35 protein was mainly located outside of the P. gingivalis cytoplasm. Taken together, the results suggest that HBP35 passes through the inner membrane after cleavage of the signal peptides at the N-terminal of the protein and is bound to the outer membrane of this bacterium.

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A histological and lectin histochemical investigation of the human posterior lingual gland was performed to obtain fundamental findings that would be useful for comparative studies of the anatomy and of salivary gland diseases. Lingual tissues were obtained from six autopsy cases. All specimens were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution, and paraffin sections were made by the usual method. They were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and PAS-alcian blue pH 2.5. The avidin-biotin peroxidase complex with seven kinds of lectins was used. The posterior lingual glands were composed of two sets of minor salivary glands. Anterior to and around the circumvallate papillae, PAS-positive serous acinar cells formed the posterior deep lingual glands, and posterior to the posterior deep lingual glands, alcian blue pH 2.5-positive mucous acinar cells were present in the posterior superficial lingual glands in all cases. A mixture of serous and mucinous acinar cells was observed in two cases. Many serous acinar cells stained positive to all of the lectins used, and many mucinous cells also stained positive to lectins other than WGA. The results indicated that serous acinar cells contained D-mannose, D-glucose, N-acetyl-galactosamine, D-galactose, L-fucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and acetyl neuramic acid. The sugar binding pattern of the mucous acinar cells was almost the same, except for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and/or N-acetyl neuramic acid.

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Long-term stability is the major goal of orthodontic treatment. However, long-term observation of treated cases after retention often reveals a disturbing degree and frequency of relapse. Relaxin is a member of the insulin/relaxin family of structurally related hormones. This hormone is produced in many mammals during pregnancy, and has been shown to promote cervical softening and elongation of interpubic ligaments in mice and cattle. Furthermore, relaxin is related to many other physiologic processes, such as collagen turnover, angiogenesis, and antifibrosis in both males and females. So far, no study concerning the effect of relaxin on orthodontic tooth movement has been done. The purposes of this study were to investigate whether local administration of relaxin in rats has an effect on relapse after orthodontic tooth movement and to explore the molecular mechanism of its role. In the present study, the upper first molars were moved mesially in 16male, 6-week-old, Wistar strain rats using a coil spring with a force of 10g. After 14days, the appliance was removed, animals in the experimental group were given attachment gingivae injections of relaxin at 20μl for 7days, and animals in the control group received phosphate-buffered saline. The results were evaluated by micro-computed tomography (μCT). At days 0, 14 and 21 after tooth movement, histopathological features were examined by immunohistochemistry based on proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Relapse distances and percentages were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to those of the control group. Relapse in the control group was greater and faster than that in the experimental group. The ratio of PCNA-positive cells increased at day 14 after tooth movement and then decreased at day 21. Our results indicated that relaxin inhibited the relapse of experimentally moved rat molars, and this hormone might prevent relapse following orthodontic treatment.

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Recently, orthognathic surgeries are being increasingly performed to correct dento-facial deformities. However, complications related to this procedure in the trans- or postoperative periods may result in a poor outcome or lead to serious local or systemic changes. The aim of this study is to describe the major complications related to orthognathic surgery, with special emphasis on the main causes and methods to avoid or treat them.

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Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a prevalent premalignant condition of the oral cavity, with insidious onset. Diagnosis of this condition is based on variable clinical features, including mucosal blanching, burning sensation, hardening of the mucosa and presence of characteristic fibrous bands that are associated with gradually increasing inability to open the mouth. Various researchers in the field of dentistry have categorized different stages of OSF. This paper is intended to incorporate all the stages of OSF defined in the literature to date.

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