Keynote

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Keynote

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[in Japanese]

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LCA has been applied to the beer server system which is composed of beer cooler and CO2 gas cylinder. The result is that while the beer cooler has cooling, electricity for cooling amounts to more than 50% of the total system energy consumption, because the cooling system is working at all times. In order to reduce this electric consumption an alternative ice plate server which can share ice with ice maker has been proposed by this development.

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Construction industry is reported to consume over 40% of total energy consumption,and thus should not be neglected. Especially, concrete and its related materials are undoubtedly important for their mass. According to our previous studies using questionnaire method, energy basic unit for ready-mixed concrete is unaccountably in variety. Therefore, we have conducted a direct measuring method using clamp wattmeters. In this report, on-site feasibility study of wattmeters are conducted at a ready-mixed concrete plant in Hiroshima Pref.

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Recycling is considered as a method to save resource by replacing operation of upstream processes; and thus to reduce environmental impacts associated with the production of virgin materials. In this paper, a linear programming model is constructed to explore management strategies of post-consumer PET bottles, including the possibilities of trans-boundary trades among Japan, China and Taiwan. In the case study, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission minimization objective was set, and demonstrated the model with 3 countries, 2 kinds of bottle, and 1 kind of recycling method. The result shows that solution with some trans-boundary flows could be the optimal (i.e. lowest environmental impact) solution even considering emissions associated with international transportation of the collected resource.

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The objective of this study is to provide a preliminary evaluation of application of cultivated microalgae for bio-diesel production. By utilizing carbon dioxide emitted from industrial processes as C-source Nannochloropsis oculata, a lipid-rich (60% of lipid) microalgae is cultivated. After cultivation, the lipid can be utilized as a material for production of bio-diesel. First, chemicals and energy consumption in the life cycle of microalgae-derived biodiesel are evaluated. They are then used for calculation of the greenhouse gases emission reduction potential induced by per MJ of bio-diesel as a substitute for fossil fuel with varied technical options.

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The choice of the sugarcane line and the design of the processes had been made to realize optimal production of sugar alone; therefore, breed improvement in the raw materials and optimization of the processing techniques are possible for improved performance in the combined production of sugar and ethanol. A novel process was designed by applying the concept to significantly enhance ethanol production while sustaining the equivalent amount of sugar production. This was realized by choosing newly developed high-yielding sugarcane, known as "monster cane", and by adjusting the sugar extraction strategy for the new raw material. In this paper, greenhouse gas emissions were evaluated for conventional and novel processes in Japan.

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In this study, possible future hydrogen society will be assessed from life cycle perspectives. First, environmental impacts caused from hydrogen production technologies together with expected production capacity is compiled. Next, emissions from currently used technologies that are to be replaced by hydrogen-driven devices are assessed. Then, the two results are matched applying various approaches to deduce reduction potentials. A case study on Taiwanese hydrogen society is shown by using the methodology and database we develop. The considered production pathways include wind, solar, and biomass (kitchen waste and rice straw) available in Taiwan. For utilization, replacement of fossil fuels in transportation vehicles of Taiwan is considered.

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Emergy, developed by Howard Thomas Odum, is a universal measure of real wealth of the work of nature and society. It is a quantitative method popular in America and Europe for system evaluation, both ecological system and society system. Basing on using energy as a common denominator, energy and material flows and storages of different types can be expressed and compared in the same units. Emergy evaluation of states, nations and their resource basis gives large-scale perspective on its sustainable level, and offers useful information for decision-maker. This paper introduces the advantage of emergy analysis method compared with other system analysis methods, footprint, LCA and Exergy. And this paper makes a tentative evaluation on sustainability of Japan using Emergy method.

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