Objective: Body measurements were made to examine the operating posture of microscope users from the ergonomic viewpoint. As a control, data from subjects who do not use a microscope were compared to verify the effect of a microscope on the operator's posture. Materials and methods: The 14 points on the body specified by the World pd Healthcare Society were used for measurement. The subjects were 10 dentists and dental hygienists who routinely used microscopes. Measurements were made based on the subject’s self-report of the range in which they felt comfortable. Result: Almost all subjects could achieve the balanced operating posture that is appropriate for precision work in microscopic dentistry. The same was true for the subjects who did not routinely use a microscope. Discussion: It was found that use of a microscope did not affect the operator’s ergonomic posture, and that there was no difference in the appropriate posture of the operator with or without routine use of a microscope.

The success rate of conventional endodontic retreatment has been gradually increased by Ni-Ti files, microscope, and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) up to 95.6%. Nevertheless, unfavorable outcome is occurred in some cases, and endodontic surgery can be applied to that kind of situations. Modern endodontic microsurgery concepts have been reviewed and necessity of the advanced technique for root-end preparation and filling has been well-known, offering high success rate. On the other hand, MTA obturation prior to surgical root-end resection is an effective strategy, particularly with limited anatomical access, and can reduce the indication for surgical intervention. In that situation, apicoectomy can be an adequate alternative appropriate treatment, but few literatures have been reported on apicoectomy as microsurgery. This study aims to report a clinical case where microscopic apicoectomy was successful after microscopic non-surgical retreatment filled with MTA using Lawaty technique.

Clinical case report of temporality satisfying conventional microscopic endodontic treatment of #16, due to extra radicular infection the sinus tract had persisted. It was chosen to perform an apicoectomy in the mesial and distal buccal roots approximate to sinus floor. The treatment was safely done by using microscope and has been successful for two years following, proven by both clinical results and computed tomography.

The spread of microscopic dentistry in the past decade has been remarkable. It is because the usefulness of magnification by microscopes in dental treatment was recognized. Especially in Japan, the acceptance of microscopic dental treatment as part of the health insurance system had a significant influence. According to a report in June 2022, the number of facilities registered for additional medical fees for surgical microscopes doubled compared to five years ago. In addition, relatively inexpensive microscopes have been sold in recent years, creating an environment that makes it easier to introduce microscopes economically. However, the number of microscopes sold still accounts for only a few percent of dental clinics in Japan, and root canal treatment without a microscope is still common. In reality, we cannot say that it has yet become widespread. What about the medical field, the forerunner of microscopic treatment? In the 21st century, it is impossible to perform such surgeries as tympanoplasty, cataract surgery, and cerebral aneurysm clipping without a microscope. Microscopes have become widespread in the medical field. Why is dentistry so far behind in terms of the spread of microscopic treatment? One of the reasons is that the microscopes used in dentistry are unique. This article will review the present and future selection criteria for surgical microscopes in dentistry through the history of the evolution and development of surgical microscopes in the medical field, looking back at the history of surgical microscopes made by the world’s leading surgical microscope manufacturing company, Carl Zeiss.

Fused teeth have complex root canal morphologies and are difficult to treat, because the tooth embryos combine to form composite teeth and share their pulp cavity. In this case, the mandibular second molar and the paramolar had fused, and the pulp cavity showed a complex configuration. Even on dental X-ray examination, it was still difficult to confirm the morphology of the root and root canal. Therefore, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), which supports clinicians treating complex unusual cases to enable them to accurately confirm the pulp cavity morphology in three dimensions, was performed. The outline of the access cavity should be designed in a similar form to the cross-sectional transverse images at the level of the cement enamel junction (CEJ) rather than the contour of their occlusal surface, since fused teeth share their pulpal floor intricately. In the case of fused teeth, micro-endodontic treatments including proper access opening designs, adequate cleaning, and a shaping protocol are crucial points to ensure success, and they are accomplished by suitable pre-treatment planning and precise procedures.

As microscope penetration has grown significantly in recent years, the number of clinicians working on microsurgery has also increased steadily. During surgical management in daily practice, the thickness of periodontal tissue we are handling is sometimes very thin, thus careful and delicate handling is required. In areas such as periodontal surgery, the handling of flaps greatly affects the results, which has become a topic recently, microsurgery is the most effective. But the instrument will change from macrosurgery, the thickness of the thread used, the length of the needle, etc. Therefore, in this paper, I will focus on the micro instruments used for microsurgery and introduce the usage of typical ones.