The Money Lending Business Law (MLBL) was laid in the Diet in December 2006, and enforced at the end of June in 2010. Based on MLBL, a debtor was obliged submission of a withholding tax record or other documents upon screening and banned from lending exceeding one third of an individual annual income (cap-amount-regulation). This regulation has had a big influence on both borrowers and lenders in Japan's lending market since 2006. In this paper, (1) we reviewed MLBL's legislative process mainly from public information of the Government, (2) we tried to show the reason that the cap-amount-regulation was introduced only into the nonbank lending market. (3) we paid an attention to discussions on the law making process by both Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and Japan's Financial Services Agency (FSA) between March 2005 and December 2006. In particular we analyzed a series of comment on public articles by Mr. Yoshitake Mashuhara who was deeply involved in this process as the Diet members responsible for policy-making of the MLBL in the LDP, and Mr. Yuji Yamamoto , who introduced MLBL in the Diet as the Minister of FSA in responsible December, 2006. Furthermore, we conduced hearings from some persons who had concerned the law decision process in those days, such as the representable (as of 2006) of the industry, journalist, lobbyist and so on. Through the above research, a conclusion that FSA not only hurried up to lay MLBL in diet in fear of the emotional public opinion to lenders, and lacked of estimating the influence of the cap-amount-regulation contained in MLBL can be introduced. Therefore, in near future the government should undertake an objective reassessment of MLBL, particularly the cap-amount-regulation as soon as possible.

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This paper's object is previous works and movements of intellectuals' commitment about imaging of consumer finance business. The relationship between consumer finance and intellectuals has a long history. However there are almost no retrospect and researches about that history. And so we focus on intellectuals' commitment about imaging of consumer finance business in Japan. Making reference previous works we discuss about imaging on monthly journal "Personal loan" at consumer finance business's growth period in post-war. This journal is pioneer of reply toward negative imaging of consumer finance. We adopted sociological method "discourse analysis" and analyze discourse on journal , clalify constitution and structure of the imaging. Firstly, we discuss about constitution of actors in previous work. Secondly, we examine role and position of intellectuals in "Personal loan" discussing constitution of actors in it. According to this examining we confirm that relief of victims is parts of constitution of actors. And we obtain that knowledge. Intellectuals played role of promoting re-recognition of what is consumer finance and giving multiple viewpoint of consumer finance. Finally, Intellectuals played role of contributing to "Personal loan" that is the first consumer finance business magazine and aim at finding task of consumer finance and solving it.

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The Japanese government revised the Money Lending Business Law (hereinafter "MLBL") in December 2006, and imposed on the non-bank market excessive regulations which cannot be seen in other advanced countries. By this law revision, the cap rate was reduced from 29.2% to 15-20% per annum (cap rate reduction). In addition, the Law obliged submission of a withholding tax record, etc. upon screening, and banned in principle lending exceeding one third of an individual annual income (cap amount regulation). The user base with lower creditworthiness, especially owners of micro-entities, faced a severe credit squeeze. While their demands for short-term unsecured loans have been historically strong, due to such a series of regulation enhancements, moneylenders have increasingly tightened their screening and shut out owners of micro-entities with relatively high risk. Generally, owners of micro-entities had borrowed money on security from financial institutions for their mid-and long-term fund needs such as capital investment. Meanwhile, for their emergent short-term fund needs, they used to get unsecured/unguaranteed loans as bridging loans from moneylenders. In other words, it can be said that lending functions of moneylenders have supplemented banks for such urgent demands of funds that banks couldn't handle. However, after the revision of the MLBL, the annual cap rate for a loan of 1 million yen and above was defined as 15%, which resulted in forcing owners of micro-entities, whose financing opportunities were narrowed down, to cover opportunity cost or go out of business after failing to get bridging loans.

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The purpose of this study is to contribute to the improvement of financial literacy among individual investors through a stock investment case method using a creatively told story. This case method effectively and efficiently incorporates behavioral finance perspectives, such as the characteristics and traits of investor behaviors, markets, and market fluctuations, as well as the essence of investing with likely applications in the real world. In addition to an overview of personal finance and behavioral finance, this study discusses the merits of the storytelling case method, and then provides actual examples of this case method. This case presents specific examples of market movements and investor reactions in each phase of investing to depict individual investors and sales people who have gone through dramatic shifts in mass psychology, such as the feeling of optimism, pessimism, hope and despair, being constantly swayed by wild market fluctuations. Through this case method, the study contributes to the field of personal finance education by providing an opportunity to learn the essence of investment, which requires flexibility in thought and action in the face of difficulties and adversity brought on by market changes. This case method also shows the need for proper position management in investing, and the merits and demerits of fundamentals analysis and technical analysis, which are both typical analytical methodologies in stock investment.

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Since the beginning of 21st century, internet finance, which facilitates fund transfer, monetary circulation and intermediation via internet, has been developing rapidly with the wide use of internet technology and mobile devices. Internet finance contributes to the availability of the financing to micro and small enterprises, the optimal allocation of financial resource, and promotes the inclusiveness of the financial system. Following the deregulation of China's internet finance, the sector has grown rapidly since 2013. Interest rate liberalization and reforms occurred around the same time. However, there remain substantial gaps in regulatory oversight of both banks and internet finance. Financial innovation can lead to new financial institutions and challenges, as has been documented in the FinTech of movement, in United States. Similar trends apply in China. This paper analyzes the development of China's internet finance in recent years. It also examines the major practice of internet finance in China, such as Internet payment (Third-party payment service: Alipay), Internet-Based Mutual Fund Sale (Yuebao), P2P online lending, and so forth. Furthermore this paper examines the direction of regulatory oversight of internet financing in China in light of the country's social realities and characteristics of its development. At present the development of internet finance in China is still at a nascent stage. It is critical to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and mitigate risks while encouraging innovation. Relevant authorities should exercise prudential oversight on internet finance, and at the same time promote it to grow in a sustainable, healthy and stable way so as to better serve the real economy.

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