To prevent damage to an important cultural asset by natural disasters, we evaluated the characteristics of groundwater movement, which is a significant factor in potential slope failure. The pore water pressures in the soil layer were monitored on a slope behind the historic Kiyomizu-dera Temple. Our results indicated that the pore water pressure responded quickly, reaching a positive peak value until the accumulated amount of rainfall fell below 20 mm. Although the responses of pore water pressure to rainfall were similar among observation points, there were differences in decreasing pore water pressure following the peak value. These characteristics were related to the highly porous soil structure at this site.

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This paper deals with the geotechnical characterization of the Florence (Italy) subsoil. On the base of 1932 stratigraphic log from drill-holes, and the related available geotechnical lab tests, we performed a statistical geotechnical characterization of the Florence subsoil, according to the geological allostratigraphic and litotechnical units defined by the Neogene evolution of the Florence intermountain sedimentary basin. It resulted Early Pleistocene palustrine and alluvial deposits; Late Pleistocene the Arno River filled the valley with river bed deposits; in Holocene all the area was covered by fluvial and alluvial deposits. The geotechnical statistical analysis performed outline different values in the main parameters of the three units, each one subdivided into granular and cohesive. In addition, the Vs display different referencing values for each unit. Statistical analysis were made according to the indication of Eurocode 7 and Italian rule NTC 2008.

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In the middle Yellow River basin, the Hanchiku method has started in B.C.3 thousand in order to compact densely the Chinese Loess for the construction of ancient earth fills. In the Chang River basin, the employment of Hanchikutechnique was behind the Yellow River Basin because of cohesive property of the Chang River basin soils. Since B.C. 1.1 thousand, in Jiangnan, the lower Chang River basin, burial mounds which are the overground burials have been constructed. However, large burial mounds (after B.C.5 hundred) in the Yellow River basin, are the underground burials and these burial styles propagated to Lelang Commandery (B.C.108~) in the Korean Peninsula. In the mountainous Northeastern region, China, cairns burials using river field stones started in B.C.4 thousand. All burial mounds in Japan including the Yoshinogari burial mound (B.C.150) which was constructed by the Sochiku and Taiciku method and in the Southwest of the Korean Peninsula are the overground burials. These mounds are the same as the Jiangnan‘ s burial style. As mentioned, construction methods of ancient earth fills (about B.C.4 thousand to A.D.3 hundred) have strong relations with the regional environments. And burial mounds can be divided into two groups, namely, the underground burials and the overground burials according to the environments.

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This paper presents the structure of the arch-type stone bridge and its mechanical behavior verified by strain measurements taken during its construction. The arch-type stone bridge was constructed by combining the arch stone structure and the socket structure without the introduction of a reaction structure. The arch-type stone bridge, fitted with a socket structure on the upper part of its arch-stone structure, is created by suppressing the deformation of the arch stones. As a result of the strain measurements of the arch stones during the construction, the compressive strain levels of the arch direction were 198-244m and the temperature-strain coefficients were 5.1-10.8 m/ºC. These types of mechanical behavior verify that the arch-type stone bridge is in a stable mechanical state.

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This article considers the alternative of the reinforcement of ground basements of historical monuments in the Central Asia with reduced impact geotechnics. Reduced impact geotechnics are job practices which do not interfere with the existing basement structure of buildings and minimize the impact on a ground base, which may degrade the basement condition during the works. To the reduced impact geotechnics the authors refer high-pressure directional injection method and foundation perimeter reinforcement. Reinforcement of a ground foundation by high-pressure directional injecting consists in pressurized feeding of a cement-sand mortar into a ground foundation which increases structural strength of the ground. After the cement-sand mortar is hardened, tough incompressible inclusion form and helps to reinforce the ground. As a result, the foundation becomes geocomposite, obtains better load-bearing capacity and lower deformability. Injection works may be performed both with simple tools like a plaster pump and another common equipment. Perimeter reinforcement consists in introducing separate vertical reinforcing members or a number of hard inclusions into the ground along a perimeter of a shallow basement. As a result, a certain kind of a die block is formed in a foundation and ground condition under the basement head towards compressive. Reinforcing members may be formed by injection of a movable composite. The landmarks of such technologies are the possibility if working in constrained environment (basement of buildings, compact planning), low equipment cost, technological simplicity, low prime cost and high reliability of works.

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The paper describes the design solution of historical monuments of Central Asian. The main building materials used in the construction of monuments. Also considered ancient ways of basis of architectural monuments on the example of Babaji Khatun Mausoleum.

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