It is a significant problem for researchers, planners or designers of landscapes to know how quality of landscapes should be evaluated. In order to analyze the quality of landscapes scientifically, experimental evaluation based on statistical science have been applied. However, such methodologies have some difficulties in dealing with quality of landscapes. This paper clarifies the problems of those methodologies, and is aimed at showing the alternative methodologies with some issues. Approach from Descartes's mind-body dualism which has been the only basis of scientific methods do not entirely fit to evaluation of quality of landscapes concerning human mind or consciousness. The ecological psychologist Gibson's “affordance theory” is a very useful method as an alternative approach in studying landscapes. To conclude, (1)Landscapes should be grasped as ecological phenomena together with cultural phenomena. (2)Still photographs mostly do not represent the real landscape. (3)Philosophy of “Possibility of Imaginary comfortable behavior” offers some clues to landscape design. (4)Landscapes have various features caused by ecological and cultural factors. Ecological factors are caused by meaning from affordance of the environment, and cultural factors are caused by meaning from language. (5)In designing landscapes both visual aspect and refinement of meanings of landscapes are very important.

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This research is an investigation of the proposed CLP (Cool Linear Park) Design in easing the heat island phenomenon using the microclimate effect of SHINSUI Park and characteristic of the line. The measurement survey was done in SHINSUI Park in Edogawa Ward using the water and green network in SHINSUI Park in Koto Ward of channel network form. Results show that trees planted in a boulevard shade the water surface and produce a cool atmosphere. The high density of trees leads to more cold areas in the town district around the park. When it does planting of a tree in a park, form a row of trees in high density, and it is important to form the Wind Channel in a park. It is necessary to lose the vertical interval when continuousness with the park is eliminate difference in level to expand the microclimate to the town district effectively. We aim at the realization of the CLP design by making use of a microclimate formation effect formed around this SHINSUI Park.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the residents'nature-related activities and pride of their living environment in Shiretoko,and consider about better use of the registered land of Shiretoko world natural heritage based on the result of interviews and questionnaires of people living near the land. Residents in the west (Syari-cho Utoro Area) think that nature-related activities in the mountains like tramping and wild vegetable gathering is important and value living near scenic vistas. Residents in the east (Rausu-cho), with relatively less access to the mountains,think that sea-related life is important. This study proposed an tourism plan anchored by local residents that makes full use of nature-related activities and places.

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We researched to management strategy for conservation to Mt.Shibutsu at Oze National Park.We prepared the users mentions for some management strategies by interview survey and arranged the mentions for 3 points; (1) the basic guideline for conservation, (2) the guideline for building up the trail facilities and preserving them, (3) the guideline for the management/ the regulation/ the restriction to users.Users agreed with the attitude putting conservation the natural before developing utilization.But they protested our suggestion,if the suggestion restricted their right for free using.As a result,the administrator can get many agreements from users with management strategy for conservation to Mt.Shibutsu.But there are two reflection,they want to know these facilities for beginner or not,and to know the grounds for management strategy.At last,we suggest the administrator should inform and research for grounds for management strategy more for getting uses agreements.

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In April 1908,Tokyo Metropolitan School of Horticulture was established. This school was the first institution for horticulture education in Japan. Gardening education was officially included in its curriculum for the first time in Japan. Keijiro Ozawa was invited as a teacher of gardening by the second principle of this school,Taketaro Suzuki. His first lecture of gardening at this school began on June 21,1911. We studied the gardening education by Ozawa at this school and found out many unknown documents and works of him. Making use of these findings,we focused on his carrier and works,his lecture,his textbooks used for gardening education,and his basic attitudes towards gardening and gardening education. In this period,he was the only man for the teacher of Japanese garden and gardening with enough carrier and works on gardening. He used three old books on Japanese gardening for the textbooks at this school. These books were Senzaihissyou (Sakuteiki), Sansuinarabininogatanozu and Musouryuukazanseisakunoki that he edited himself. Ozawa believed that Japanese gardening types consisted of just following three,Sansui,Hiraniwa and Karesansui. In June 1911,he also planned campus garden for this school. This garden plan consisted of three Japanese gardening types mentioned above.

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Omotesando Avenue, which is the symbolic approach to Meiji Shrine, but also has the characteristics of a wide urban road lined with zelkova trees, was part of Tokyos city planning projects during the Taisho Period.The primary resources of this study were the review of the context of its formation using documents on the development of Meiji Shrine, documents on the development of roads in the city of Tokyo, and Tokyo City Planning Committee conference minutes.Further, the relationship between the concept of street trees and that of trees lining shrine approaches were considered using specialist journals of the time.Through the conference discussion and the design changes, it is clear that the unusually wide sidewalks and trees were provided for the great number of visitors to the shrine.The zelkova trees were regarded to be an appropriate choice for such shrine approaches and were also considered to be representative of the Kanto landscape.Therefore, while an increased use of the automobile and local military activities of the time were also considered, the traditional notion of shrine approaches contributed to the formation of the resulting modern boulevard.

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In the city area, soil for plant revegetation has been surrounded with concrete.The influence on growth of the plant was concerned due to shifting from acid soil to alkali soil by addition of the alkali material.On this research, we paid attention to the elution of alkali from concrete block, and aimed at the elucidation of the elution course.After the akatama soil was packed into container, the concrete block was set in center of container, and the change of the pH (H2O) of soil adjacent block was measured in every day.Moreover, another block was sunk in the plastic bucket filled with tap water, and the pH (H2O) of the water in the bucket was measured day by day.This experiment was conducted on three conditions.These are only tap water without concrete block, tap water was exchanged every day with concrete block, and tap water was not exchanged with concrete block.The pH (H2O) of soil at near the concrete block tended to rise, and the change of the pH (H2O) of soil in the moist soil tend to happened.In water, big rise of the pH (H2O) was occurred in the early stages, and the pH (H2O) was decrease gradually in late stage.

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Green Networks (GN) are used especially in collective residential developments and new town planning. There are many research studies on GN, but a large number of them are focused only on its ecological benefits, being most of them study cases from overseas. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate residential areas with green networks and to see their effects. In this research we selected three study areas and carried out a survey with questionnaires in order to obtain data about the characteristics and evaluation of green areas. The factor analysis and regression analysis were utilized to analyze more in depth the results obtained from the questionnaires. The influence of the green networks to the evaluate environment of green areas by dwellers were make cleared.

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A terrestrial laser scanner provides detailed and highly accurate 3D data rapidly and is widely applied in various situations. In this study, we surveyed the Seifuso Garden designated as a place of scenic beauty by the national government. We acquired point-data having information of 3D coordinates and colors by a terrestrial laser scanner and simulated the scenic views from the garden for restoring the borrowed scenery. As a result, we confirmed the positional relationship of the garden, the buildings around the garden and the Higashiyama Mountains at the selected view points. The simulated results were useful for the garden management, especially for trimming the trees within the garden in consideration of hiding the near-by tall buildings. We also found the influence on the scenic views from the garden if the buildings in this area were built at the maximum height allowed by the zoning regulation of the Kyoto City. A terrestrial laser scanner was considered to be a novel and effective tool for landscape simulation.

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The Tottori sand dune which has been specified to natural monument was covered by meadow because of planting the windbreak in the period of 1970s-1980s. However, the original landscape of the sand dune is recovering through the landscape conservation activities such as weeding and felling windbreak. Effectiveness of the landscape conservation activities to regain sand drifting by active change to the distribution of vegetation was analyzed by using vegetation maps, air plane survey maps, the records of landscape conservation activities and satellite remote sensing data. The front and the back in the three of fixed sand dunes which were parallel to coastal line were erosive and accumulative tendency, respectively, owing to transferring of sand from seaside to inland by winter monsoon in the ordinary. However, a quantity of sand moving toward inland area has remarkably reduced due to glass-land from 1970s to 1980s. Moreover vegetation area was spreading from the west part of sand dune which had cut a windbreak to inland accumulative area. After the start of a landscape conservation activity such as weeding, the vegetation area has remarkably decreased and sand move recovered. It indicates that the landscape conservation activity was useful to recover a natural sand dune.

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The effects of selective cutting management on the characteristics of nutrition dynamics of coppice forest ecosystem that had been indicated by soil carbon contents and soil microbial activities were investigated in Noyama-Kita-Rokudoyama Park,Tokyo.And the suitability of the selection management cycle that had been established 20 years were examined.The soil carbon contents and soil microbial activities were decreased after selective cutting and restored to the same level with before cutting within 10 years.Therefore,it was concluded that present forest management cycle (20 years) was enough for restoration of the ecosystem,and was suitable for maintenance of nutrition dynamics.

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