The ideal spatial conditions for bathing in a forest atmosphere were investigated through Landscape Image Sketching Technique (LIST). 33 landscape image sketches by students were analyzed in terms of 1) variety of landscape elements, 2) their visual appearance and 3) the position of the viewpoint. Then, the results were organized by the composition types of the landscape image sketches and interpreted through principal ingredient analysis. As a result, each composition type of landscape image sketches was characterized with its spatial conditions. The research findings suggested a need of the forest management depending on visitors' interests as well as public relations to promote the bathing in a forest atmosphere.

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This study reviewed recent studies of road-kill, barrier effect and mitigation techniques on wild animals. It also surveyed road-crossing structures used in Japan. By comparing Japanese and international case studies, we addressed the possibility of studies on road-kill, barrier effect and mitigation technique development in Japan. The road-studies in Japan were mostly studies of the road-kill of Sika deer, Cervus nippon yesoensis, and Raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides. There were fewer Japanese studies on roadkill and barrier effect examining species, taxa, and landscapes than international studies. Most of the road-crossing structures were underpasses, box-culverts, and pipe-culverts targeting large and mid-sized mammals. There were fewer eco-bridges targeting arboreal mammals and amphibian tunnels targeting herptiles in Japan. In the future, it will be necessary to analyze the factors influencing road-kill and barrier effect of various species and taxa in order to develop mitigation techniques targeting arboreal mammals and herptiles, and to develop quantitative methods for monitoring wild mammals utilizing road-crossing structures as movement corridors.

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A typical landscape in each village in Okinawa is a house with red roof tiles, stone walls and G. subelliptica for prefeeting wind. G. subelliptica has been used not only for wind protect trees but as dyes and building materials since the 18 century. Since then, the government of the Ryukyu, the old name of Okinawa, encouraged the people to plant G. subelliptica in the villages. When a village was newly formed, G. subelliptica was extensively planted. Thus, it has been found that the relationship among six villages was clarified by studying the planting and spread of G. subelliptica. In this study, we verified whether a diameter of G. subelliptica had a close relation with the village formation. As a result, it was revealed that the investigation on G. subelliptica was effective in terms of the village formation, where the traditional landscape left in the old village.

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We made an impression evaluation experiment to clarify the psychological evaluation of the small interior plant comparing to a midsize or a large plant. Two types of plants, i.e., Kokedama-styled plants and potted plants were used for the experiment. Kokedama-styled plant is a small herbaceous plant or a small tree which is planted in a rounded growing medium lapped with thin-layer of moss. It has been expected to become popular as a small interior plant in Japan. The potted plant has been used as conventional interior plants in experiments to study this subject. The semantic differential method showed clearly that a small kokedama-styled plant was different from a large potted plant in impression with feature, size and distance to the estimator. And it was also suggested that when a just small kokedama-styled plant was prepared in its most suitable combinations and also placed in an appropriate distance, it could give people a good impression in well-being and affinity, as if a midsize or a large plant did.

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This paper shows the process of regulation for buildings in height in national parks and the situation of 13 meters' regulations for buildings in prefectural ordinance for landscape in Japan. In national parks 13 meters' regulation was introduced as the criterion for buildings' registrations in ordinary zones at first by Natural Parks Law promulgated in 1957. After that this criterion was used as a criterion of large scale apartment buildings etc. which were checked by the national park government authority before a prefecture gave the permission. And now the criterion is strengthened to a strict regulation, which means that buildings more than 13 meters are not approved usually in special zones in Natural Parks Law through after Guideline to Asses on Various Activities in National Parks Area. At present 40 prefectures have ordinances for landscape. And 29 prefectures have regulations for buildings in height and 19 prefectures use 13 meters height as a large scale building etc. criterion. But prefectural ordinances for landscape have the tendency to be separated to two groups. One is with numerical regulations and the other is without numerical regulations.

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The aim of this research is to clarify problems of communication among children, which is declining in most of rural areas because of decrease in population and urbanizing lifestyles.We evaluated their communications in a quantitative way to grasp the differences from distinctions in spatial and temporal conditions. We analyzed those data to clarify the effects of their residential character and their private lessons after school to communication in the suburban area. As a result, their main spaces for communication were only private ones, such as their houses and their friends houses, and they seldom use public spaces or distinctive rural spaces. From the evaluations it was also clarified that each space had particular time to be used and specific area of users. In the most developed (urbanized) area children communicated with each other frequently. The reason for this tendency of privatization and urbanization was considered that their residences were scattered around the school area and it was difficult to share communication spaces, and their private lessons were given in the time when public communication spaces were used mostly.

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Based on the historical transition about the high-rise housing estate and outdoor play space in Beijing, this study began to analyze the outdoor play space in high-rise housing estate from a viewpoint of play space. Then this study analyzed the linear space (access road) and planar space of 50 space maps at an exploratory level, the analysis indexes were road safety, space spaciousness degree and the possibility of "being seen". Finally we got several findings as follows to reflect the characteristic about transition of childrens outdoor play space in high-rise housing estate of Beijing: About the planning of road in high rise housing estates, from the later period of 1990s, there is a trend of separation of pedestrians and vehicles, which is also an uptrend of road safety in open space; Also from the later period of 1990s, the high housing estates sample with high spread of play space and road safety, began to appear and increase. In a whole, there is a trend that the thinking about road safety is more deficient than spread of play space; About the location relationship with residence building, the mainstream of public green space zone is being-enclosed type, which can be taken as a condition on "being seen" and is good for play safety.

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In Shikoku Pilgrimage, there is a custom which people give various goods to Henro, so-called Settai. And Resting Places where Settai takes place along the road form the cultural landscape of Shikoku Pilgrimage. This research is analyzing the operational bodies of the Settai and the motives of Settai by conducting hearings and surveys to managers of the Resting Places, with walking on the road of Henro in Tokushima prefecture. This fieldwork shows that there are 55 sites of Resting Places, which they can be classified three types. The setting bodies of these Resting places are becoming diverse, and the most numerous Resting Places are built by local residents, and governments are the second most numerous setting bodies of Resting Places. And about 60 percents of these Resting Places were built after 2001. As the motive of Settai, many people do Settai voluntarily. On the other hand, the local residents who have grown up in the region with Settai-tradition since their childhood, they naturally get an aptitude for Settai.

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The gardens in Hollin Hills Residential Project (1953-55, Virginia) are notable for their geometrical orders of spaces, designed by Daniel Urban Kiley (1912-2004), one of the most significant figures in the realm of landscape architecture of the twentieth century. By analyzing the 9 garden plans of the project, the followings are found out. (1) A certain correspondence is observed between the elements of both plane subdivision and tree arrangement and their functions. However, most of the functions are assigned to the elements of plane subdivision. Only the function of orchard is given to the gridded trees. (2) Creation of dynamic experiences by moving between the trees has been attempted by either setting functions or arranging trunk pitches and floors. In addition, it has been also attempted to set the positional relationships between circulations and the trees.

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